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A Reuters review of over a hundred public government tenders found that while previously Chinese government authorities regularly put out purchase requests for Micron<\/a>'s chips for use in projects such as tax systems to surveillance networks, such requests dried up dramatically from 2020.
Instead, the bulk of memory chip purchases from such entities have gone to domestic firms including Huawei Technologies, server maker Inspur as well as surveillance giants Uniview and Hikvision.
While China's sudden move this week to block key industries from using Micron products appeared to be the result of heightened Sino-U.S. tensions, the tender documents suggest Beijing had laid the groundwork for years, in effect limiting the disruptions caused by such a ban.
At the same time, analysts say the biggest U.S. memory chip maker had become an easier target if Beijing wanted to retaliate against Washington's curbs on tech exports, given China's own advances in memory chip production.
\"Most of its chips are replaceable with Chinese-made alternatives, and for those that are not, there are other foreign firms whose chips China can procure,\" said Alfredo Montufar-Helu, Beijing-based head of think tank The Conference Board's China Center.
\"So banning Micron's products does not hurt China.\"
China's cyberspace regulator, which conducted the review of Micron's products, did not specify what security risks they found.
In response to Reuters' request for comment, a Micron spokesperson said the company was \"assessing next steps\" in response to the ban but did not comment on questions about tenders.
China's State Council did not respond to a request for comment.
DOMESTIC DRIVE<\/strong>
It was not clear from the tenders why requests from government-affiliated entities for Micron products dried up so dramatically from 2020, including what effect the pandemic may have had over that period.
There were only four tenders that mentioned Micron products over the past three years. They include a tender by a weather bureau from Changzhou city, in the eastern province of Jiangsu, for two dozen storage devices<\/a>, and a hospital in Zouping city, in the eastern province of Shandong, for an image sensor.
By contrast, prior to 2020, Micron's products were sought by a range of local government bodies for projects that include sensitive work such as upgrades of surveillance camera and facial recognition networks in large cities.
Micron chips, for example, were one of the many products purchased in two big tenders offered in 2019 -- one worth 187 million yuan ($27.05 million) and the other 29 million yuan -- from police authorities in the southern factory hub of Dongguan.
An August 2015 tender also showed that China's National Tax Administration spent over 5.6 million yuan on purchasing almost 8,000 Micron chips for servers in its invoice system.
China has for over a decade had a long-running campaign to reduce reliance<\/a> on foreign technologies, asking state affiliated firms such as banks to switch to local software and promoting domestic chip manufacturing.
Beijing ratcheted up the campaign in 2020, when its leaders proposed a so-called \"dual circulation\" growth model to reduce reliance on overseas markets and technology.
Several tenders from the past year had \"domestic made\" product requirement requests.
For example, a January tender for a \"smart public security\" project in the southern city of Taishan explicitly requested flash memory chips be domestically produced, assigning it almost 200,000 yuan.
The project is made up of several hundred different pieces of hardware and software, with Hikvision supplying 41 of these, Huawei products accounting for 16, and an unspecified \"domestic made\" request tagged on 288 other products.
To be sure, government procurement databases often redact or eschew sensitive details, and more information on Micron orders is likely available on paid-for private tender document databases.
Chips made by South Korea's SK Hynix<\/a> and Samsung Electronics<\/a> also continued to be included in large government contracts, but often to supplement domestic products.
Meanwhile, U.S. firms are still big players with Intel processors, Nvidia GPUs<\/a>, and Dell servers purchased by hundreds of government bodies since 2020.
However, for Micron, the dramatic drop in government tenders for its chips adds to the U.S. firm's troubles in China.
In 2018, Micron became embroiled in a patent dispute with Chinese state-backed chip maker Fujian Jinhua, accusing it of conspiring to steal trade secrets.
The dispute led to a temporary sales ban of Micron's main products in China that year, and was followed by a shutdown of its DRAM operations in Shanghai last year amid escalating trade tension with Washington.
China was once Micron's biggest market, generating half of its $20 billion revenue in fiscal 2017 - that share shrank to just 16% last year.
\"Micron has been in the 'eye of the hurricane' for quite some time already, with its operations in China facing increasing challenges over the past years,\" said analyst Montufar-Helu.
On Monday, Micron forecast a percentage hit to revenue from China's action in the single digits.
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路透社评论超过一百公共政府招标之前发现,虽然中国政府当局定期购买请求微米的芯片用于项目,如税收系统来监测网络,这种要求从2020年开始急剧枯竭。
相反,从这样的实体记忆体晶片的大部分购买了国内企业包括华为技术、服务器制造商浪潮集团巨头Uniview和Hikvision以及监测。
尽管中国的突然移动本周阻止关键行业使用美光的产品似乎加剧了中美的结果。紧张,招标文件建议中国政府多年来奠定了基础,实际上限制造成的中断这样的禁令。
同时,分析人士说,美国最大的内存芯片制造商已经成为一个容易的目标如果北京想报复华盛顿的限制技术出口,鉴于中国自己的内存芯片生产的进步。
“大多数与中国制造的芯片是可替换的选择,对于那些没有,中国有其他外国公司的芯片可以获得,“阿尔弗雷多Montufar-Helu说,北京智库会议委员会的中国中心。
“所以禁止美光的产品不伤害中国。”
中国网络监管机构,进行了回顾美光的产品,没有具体说明他们发现什么安全风险。
在回答路透社记者的置评请求,一微米发言人说,该公司是“评估下一步”的禁令,但没有评论关于投标的问题。
中国国务院没有回应记者的置评请求。
国内开车
目前还不清楚从投标为什么请求下属实体微米产品急剧枯竭,所以从2020年开始,包括大流行可能有什么影响在此期间。
只有四个投标提到微米产品过去三年。它们包括一个温柔气象局从常州城市,在东部省份江苏,两打存储设备邹平市医院,在东部省份山东,一个图像传感器。
相比之下,在2020年之前,美光的产品是由一系列的当地政府机构寻求升级等项目,包括敏感工作的监控摄像头和面部识别网络在大城市。
微米芯片,例如,是一个提供的许多产品在两大招标购买2019年——一个价值1.87亿元人民币(合2705万美元),另2900万元——从警方在南部工厂东莞的枢纽。
招标还显示,2015年8月中国国家税务部门花了560万元购买近8000微米芯片在其发票系统服务器。
中国已经十多年来有一个长时间运行的活动减少依赖对外国技术,要求国家附属公司如银行转向本地软件,促进国内芯片制造。
北京北京运动在2020年,当时中国领导人提出了一个所谓的“双重循环”增长模式,以减少依赖海外市场和技术。
几个招标从过去一年“国内”的产品要求请求。
例如,1月招标项目“智能公共安全”在南部城市泰山明确要求闪存芯片是国产的,分配几乎200000元。
这个项目是由数百个不同的硬件和软件,与Hikvision提供41的,华为的产品占16,和一个未指明的“国内”请求标记288个产品。
可以肯定的是,政府采购数据库经常修订或避开敏感的细节,和更多信息微米订单可能可以在付费私人招标文件数据库。
由韩国生产的芯片SK海力士和三星电子还继续被包括在大型政府合同,但经常补充国内产品。
与此同时,美国企业仍大玩家与英特尔处理器,Nvidia gpu和戴尔服务器购买的自2020年以来,数以百计的政府机构。
然而,对于微米,大幅下降政府招标的芯片增加了美国公司在中国的麻烦。
2018年,微米成为卷入与中国国家支持的芯片制造商福建金华市专利纠纷,指控其密谋窃取商业机密。
微米的争端导致临时销售禁令在中国的主要产品,并随后关闭其DRAM业务去年在上海与美国的贸易紧张关系不断升级。
中国曾经微米最大的市场,产生200亿美元的收入的一半在2017财年,份额下降到去年的16%。
“微米已经在飓风的眼睛已经很长一段时间,以其在中国的业务面临着越来越多的挑战在过去的几年中,“分析师Montufar-Helu说。
周一,微米预测百分比达到收入来自中国的行动在个位数。
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