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China has dismissed those concerns, accusing the United States of \"technological terrorism<\/a>\" and unfairly hindering its economic growth. It has sought to counter the US containment measures.
AFP takes a look at the key issues in the so-called \"semiconductor wars<\/a>\":
Microchips<\/a> are the lifeblood of the modern global economy: the tiny slices of silicon are found in all types of electronics -- from LED lightbulbs<\/a> and washing machines to cars and smartphones.
They are also critical to core services such as healthcare, law and order and utilities.
Globally, semiconductors<\/a> are forecast to become a $1-trillion industry by 2030, according to a McKinsey report published last year.
Nowhere is their essential nature more visible than in China, the world's second-largest economy, which relies on a steady supply of foreign chips for its huge electronics manufacturing base.
In 2021, China imported semiconductors worth $430 billion -- more than it spent on oil.
Beyond iPhones<\/a>, Teslas and PlayStations<\/a>, the most potent chips are crucial to the development of advanced technology such as artificial intelligence, as well as cutting-edge weapons including hypersonic missiles and stealth fighter jets.
Washington imposed a series of export controls last year, saying they were meant to prevent \"sensitive technologies with military applications\" from being acquired by China's armed forces and its intelligence and security services.
The Dutch government followed suit in March this year, citing national security while imposing controls on foreign sales to prevent military use.
The same month, Japan unveiled similar measures aimed at preventing \"the military diversion of technologies\".
The Netherlands, a NATO member, and Japan -- a US treaty ally -- did not name China, but their restrictions infuriated Beijing.
The restrictions target the most advanced chips and chip-making tech that can be used for, among other applications, supercomputers, high-end military equipment and AI development.
The production of chips is fiendishly complex, and typically spans numerous countries.
But many stages depend on US inputs, while the other major players are Japanese companies and the Netherlands' ASML -- which dominates the production of lithography machines that print patterns on silicon wafers.
This gives the trio an outsized influence on the global semiconductor industry.
\"It will take years for China to develop domestic alternatives that are equally capable to the tools it is losing access to,\" Chris Miller, author of \"Chip War: The Fight for the World's Most Critical Technology\", told AFP.
\"If it was easy, Chinese firms would already have done it.\"
Chinese chip companies stockpiled components and machines ahead of US export controls in October last year to soften the blow.
But one major chip firm told AFP that once that inventory runs out, or needs repairs, the controls will start to hurt.
Some Chinese companies that were suddenly left unable to guarantee access to chips saw lucrative foreign contracts evaporate, forcing them to slash jobs and freeze expansion plans.
The US, Dutch and Japanese curbs have directly hit some of China's biggest chip manufacturers, including the Yangtze Memory Technology Corp (YMTC<\/a>).
One of the biggest ways the sanctions have started to bite is by drying up a talent pool China had relied on.
A recent semi-official survey of Chinese chip companies estimated a need for 800,000 foreign workers by 2024, a gap Washington made harder to plug by restricting \"US persons\" from working in China's semiconductor industry.
Beijing has reacted with anger and defiance, vowing to accelerate its efforts to become self-reliant on semiconductors.
To transcend US curbs, two semiconductor researchers at the influential Chinese Academy of Sciences offered a blueprint in February that advised Beijing to more effectively funnel investments into high-quality talent and original research.
It signalled a potential strategy rethink, and one of its main beneficiaries appears to be YMTC<\/a>.
Company records show the US-sanctioned firm has received an injection of $7.1 billion since the new export controls took effect.
The tens of billions of dollars China has pumped into the development of a domestic industry have yet to bear much fruit.
China had aimed by 2025 to reach 70 percent chip self-sufficiency, but some think tanks estimate it currently meets below 20 percent of demand.
\"Money is not the problem,\" said Qi Wang, co-founder of Hong Kong-based MegaTrust Investment, pointing instead at waste, fraud and talent shortages.
\"China has no good options, except to double down on state support for the industry,\" said John Lee, director of East-West Futures consulting.
Experts say China may well reach its self-sufficiency target but it will take much longer in the face of such curbs.
\"I don't think the US will ever be successful at preventing China from having great chips,\" Microsoft<\/a> co-founder Bill Gates said on a podcast in March.
\"We are going to force them to spend time and a bunch of money to make their own.\"
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中国驳斥了这些担忧,指责美国“技术上的恐怖主义“和不公平阻碍其经济增长。它试图对抗我们控制措施。
法新社需要看看所谓的“的关键问题半导体的战争”:
微芯片现代全球经济的命脉:微小的硅切片发现在所有类型的电子产品——来自哪里LED灯泡和洗衣机,汽车和智能手机。
他们也是至关重要的核心服务,比如医疗、法律和秩序和公用事业。
在全球范围内,半导体预计到2030年成为一个1万亿美元的产业,根据麦肯锡去年发布的一份报告。
没有他们的本质比在中国更明显,世界第二大经济体,这依赖于外国的稳定供应芯片因其巨大的电子产品制造基地。
2021年,中国进口价值4300亿美元的半导体,超过花在石油。
除了iphone特斯拉,游戏机最强大的芯片是至关重要的,人工智能等先进技术的发展,以及尖端武器包括高超音速导弹和隐形战斗机。
华盛顿去年实施了一系列的出口管制,说他们是为了防止“与军事应用敏感技术”被中国收购的武装部队和情报和安全服务。
荷兰政府今年3月紧随其后,以国家安全为由而向国外销售施加控制,防止军事用途。
同期,日本推出了类似的措施旨在防止“军事技术转移”。
荷兰,北约成员国,和日本——一个美国条约盟友——中国没有名字,但他们的限制激怒了北京。
目标最先进的芯片和芯片制造技术的限制,可用于其他应用程序、超级计算机、高端军事装备和人工智能的发展。
芯片的生产是极其复杂,通常横跨许多国家。
但许多阶段取决于我们的输入,而其他主要参与者是日本公司和荷兰ASML——占主导地位的生产硅片光刻机打印模式。
这让三人对全球半导体行业一个巨大影响。
“这对中国将需要数年时间来开发国内替代品,同样有能力的工具是失去,”克里斯·米勒》的作者“芯片战争:争取世界最关键技术”,告诉法新社。
“如果它很容易,中国公司已经做到了。”
中国的芯片公司囤积了组件和机器之前,我们去年10月出口管制来抵御冲击。
但一个主要的芯片公司告诉法新社,一旦库存耗尽,或需要维修,控件会受伤。
一些中国公司突然离开无法保证获取芯片看到利润丰厚的外国合同蒸发,迫使它们削减工作和冻结的扩张计划。
美国、荷兰和日本限制直接触及一些中国最大的芯片制造商,包括长江内存技术集团(YMTC)。
最大的一个方面,制裁已经开始咬是干涸中国人才有依赖。
半官方的最近的一份调查的中国芯片公司估计需要800000外国工人,到2024年,华盛顿难以填补的差距通过限制“美国人”在中国工作的半导体行业。
北京反应是愤怒和蔑视,誓言要加快努力成为半导体自力更生。
超越我们的限制,两个半导体有影响力的中国科学院的研究人员提供了一个蓝图,建议北京2月漏斗更有效地投资到高素质人才和原始研究。
它表示一个潜在的战略思考,似乎是它的主要受益者之一YMTC。
公司记录显示US-sanctioned公司已经收到了注射新出口管制生效以来的71亿美元。
数百亿美元的中国注入国内产业的发展还没有多结果子。
中国目的是到2025年将达到70%芯片自给自足,但一些智库估计目前满足需求的20%以下。
说:“钱不是问题,齐王的创始人之一香港MegaTrust投资,而不是指向浪费、欺诈和人才短缺。
“中国没有好的选择,除了双重国家支持产业,”约翰·李说主任东西方期货咨询。
专家说,中国很可能达到自给自足的目标,但需要更长的时间面对这样的限制。
“我不认为我们会成功地阻止中国拥有优异的芯片,”微软3月份联合创始人比尔•盖茨(Bill Gates)说,在一个播客。
“我们将迫使他们花费时间和很多钱的。”
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