<\/em>
What are the challenges that telcos are going to face during 5G transition?<\/b>
There are many challenges but we can focus on mmWave, mid-band spectrum, and Non-Standalone to Standalone (NSA\/SA) transition. First is the addition of mmWave spectrum. This gets more headlines than other spectrum issues because it represents one of the largest changes and demands for new technology in 5G.
Enabling communications in this spectrum has been discussed at length. First, this requires access to the spectrum. So far, this so-called “FR2” spectrum has been allocated and\/or auctioned only in the US, Japan, and South Korea.
Policymakers elsewhere are working through auction and allocation issues and we will see more of these decisions being made (but by no means all of them) in 2020. Secondly, it requires new base stations and new UE capabilities which mean new cell and network planning.
The only commercial systems running now are for fixed-wireless access—the UE does not move. The ability to manage mobility in this space is not ready yet. Regarding the standards, so such work must be resolved and completed before systems are deployed—it usually takes 12-18 months between completed work in the standards and when commercial systems are deployed.
Is Keysight Technologies testing mmWave and developing solutions?<\/b>
Keysight has been involved in mmWave test and measurement for quite a while now and we have built capabilities in our solutions to enable customers to ensure their systems are behaving as designed and behaving consistent with the standards.
What are the challenges associated with evolving systems on the mid-band spectrum?<\/b>
The addition of mid-band spectrum (2.5-5GHz) for mobile wireless seems to many like a simple extension of existing work done in previous generations. However, there are new challenges here—license allocation is largely complete in countries outside of the US. In the US, there are still many issues related to either already-allocated Citizens’ Broadband Radio Service (CBRS) spectrum related to co-primary use of licenses and other shared spectrum issues.
In addition, there are policy conflicts currently under way relating to other mid-band spectrum areas in the US that will take a few years to resolve. The technical challenges related to these higher frequencies must do with wider bandwidths and link-budget problems on the uplink. Trials and early deployments show a different in link-budget in uplink vs. downlink of upwards 18dB—this means that signal-to-noise-and-interference ratios on the uplink require significant improvements to maintain the appropriate link.
This is complicated by new use-models in 5G with higher demand on the uplink than the downlink (this is new to mobile communication). Overcoming these issues means added design constraints on both the UE and gNB, and more-importantly, the implementation of new antenna systems; especially those related to massive MIMO<\/a>.
How is Keysight and other T&M (test and measurement) companies approaching this transition?<\/b>
These are new, relatively expensive, and power-hungry systems, as well as antenna systems, that require different physical mounting schemes. Keysight’s approach to these are to ensure that our capabilities are fully deployed for the testing of these new bands and bandwidths, as well as the solutions we have in place to validate the rest of the network (UE emulation).
What are the other likely spectrum-related implementation issues during 5G deployment?<\/b>
T<\/b>he early implementation of 5G is a non-standalone system with an LTE<\/a> core controlling both a 4G and 5G RAN. Ultimately, operators will be moving to SA systems to take full advantage of the new capabilities in the 5G core. This may seem like a large transition in the packet core network called the next-generation core (NGC) in 5G and wired-parts of the Radio Access Network (RAN) - it is.
However, it has significant spectrum-related implementation issues. During the transition, operators might be opening 5G NR connections in the same bands as with 4G connections. Ultimately operators will be migrating 4G RAN to 5G RAN, hence, having to make an LTE to NR transition for existing bands. This is always a challenge that must be managed carefully. In addition to having the right RF test capabilities for these bands.
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