独家
缅甸的军事行动电信部门监视公民
在前几个月缅甸军事政变的2月1日,中国电信和互联网服务提供商被命令安装拦截间谍软件,允许军队窃听公民的通信,该计划的消息人士对路透表示。
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因此,沃达丰的想法是现在寻找替代品,该报告说。Linkedin的电信公司页面列出1905个空缺职位的招聘在AGM -预付营销专家等角色,AGM -预付营销、AGM -营销分析,等等。
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新加坡/曼谷:几个月前缅甸军事政变的2月1日,中国电信和互联网服务提供商被命令安装拦截间谍软件,允许军队窃听公民的通信,该计划的消息人士对路透表示。
技术使军事力量偷听电话,查看短信和网络流量包括电子邮件,和跟踪用户的位置没有电信和援助互联网公司,消息人士称。
决策者在民用运输和通讯,交付订单前官员,据一位业内高管计划和另一个有直接了解的人士介绍。
“他们是来自平民政府,但我们知道军队必须控制和被告知你无法拒绝,“行政有直接了解说,补充说,民政的军管部门官员也坐在会议。
十几名知情人士使用的拦截间谍软件在缅甸已经接受路透采访。所有要求匿名,由于担心得罪军政府。
既不代表军政府也不代表政客试图组建一个新的平民政府对路透社记者的置评请求作出回应。
预算文件从2019年和2020年的昂山素季领导的上届政府没有透露公开包含400万美元的购买计划的细节拦截间谍软件产品和零部件以及精密的数据提取和电话窃听技术。提供的文件为缅甸和维权组织公正被路透社独立消息来源的证实。
所谓的“合法拦截”的概念被缅甸当局首次提出电信部门在2019年晚些时候但压力安装这样的技术只是在2020年晚些时候来,几个来源补充说,他们被警告不要谈论它。
拦截计划被挪威的标记公开Telenor在缅甸业务年度更新,这是该国最大的电信公司之一有1800万客户的5400万人口。
Telenor在12月3日简报和声明中称在其网站上公布,这是关心缅甸当局的合法拦截计划能够直接访问每个操作符和ISP的系统没有个案审批”作为缅甸没有足够的法律法规来保护客户的隐私和言论自由的权利。
除了Telenor,受影响的公司包括三个其他电信公司在缅甸:MPT,大型国有运营商,Mytel,缅甸军队之间的风险和Viettel隶属越南国防部和卡塔尔Ooredoo。MPT和Mytel现在军政府的完全控制下,消息人士说。大约有十几个互联网服务提供商。
Telenor拒绝回答提问路透社对于本文,以安全问题为由为其雇员。
MPT, Mytel Ooredoo没有回应记者的置评请求。日本贸易公司住友集团与无线运营商KDDI Corp .)在2014年宣布计划投资20亿美元在MPT,拒绝置评。KDDI和Viettel没有回应记者的置评请求。
许多政府允许通常所说的“合法拦截”被执法机构用来捕捉罪犯。但在大多数民主国家,甚至一些专制政权,这样的技术不是通常使用没有任何法律程序,网络安全专家说。相比之下,缅甸军事入侵电信直接操作间谍软件没有法律或监管保障措施来保护人权,据行业高管和活动家。
甚至在政变之前,缅甸军方施加巨大影响的昂山素季领导的民选文职政府。它有一个未经选举的配额的25%的议会席位,宪法给了几个关键部门的控制。也有广泛影响力的通讯和其他部门通过前陆军军官的任命。这已成为政变后的完全控制。
追踪和拦截,从而
根据三源公司监控系统的知识,并不是每一个电信公司和互联网服务提供商已经安装了完整的拦截间谍软件。路透社无法建立有广泛的安装和部署。
但军事和情报机构正在进行的一些跟踪SIM卡和拦截的电话,两个来源说。一位消息人士称调用被重定向到其他数字和连接没有拨号音是拦截的迹象。
合法源与知识的情况下对参与抗议的人士还表示,有证据显示监控间谍软件被用于起诉他们。路透社还没有看到任何文件支持这种说法。
高级公务员是谁帮助被政客试图形成一个平行政府还说,他们的组织已经警告人们为军政府工作但同情抗议者,电话号码被追踪。
“我们必须改变SIM卡,“高级公务员说。
据大赦国际国际安全实验室和其他三名科技专家,政府预算文件中列出的拦截产品将使大部分的电话元数据-数据收集用户电话,当他们打电话多长时间,以及有针对性的内容拦截。
电缆切断,活动家们的手机了
在军队的第一个行动2月1日是直接武装士兵进入全国数据中心在午夜和削减互联网电缆,根据员工在三个公司显示路透切断电缆的照片。
在一个数据中心员工抵制,士兵拿枪指着他们,也砸显示器来威胁他们,一位消息人士表示。
虽然互联网主要是恢复时间,军队开始关闭。几天之内,军队秘密下令电信公司阻止激进分子的电话号码,军政府反对派和人权律师,为这些公司提供列表,根据三个业内人士介绍。这些订单没有先前报道。
消息人士补充说,法律规定运营商与政府分享客户名单。
军队也直接屏蔽特定的网站。Facebook,使用一半的国家,并迅速成为抗议组织者的关键,是最早被禁止,紧随其后的是新闻网站和其他社交媒体平台。乐动扑克
当反对派开始3月,军方完全削减对移动数据的访问,离开缅甸最没有访问互联网。
“公司必须遵守命令,”一位业内人士说。“每个人都知道,如果你不,他们可以有枪支和电线。这是更有效的比任何拦截。”
Telenor和Ooredoo高管抗议被告知要保持安静或公司将面临失去执照,四来源说。
军队的收紧控制
在先前的兴起,统治在1963年至2011年之间,活动家和记者是经常窃听和智能手机是稀缺的。
缅甸开放了,它变成了一个电信与繁荣的成功故事,如果新生,数字经济。移动电话普及率,2011年后世界上第二低朝鲜为6.9%,飙升至站在2020年的126%。
平民政府的第一个已知的走向全国监测是在2018年,建立一个社会媒体监控系统表示旨在防止外国势力的影响。紧接而来的生物SIM卡登记运动,去年说多个SIM卡的使用是不受欢迎的和一个中央数据库是必要的。
当局正寻求更对电信。
通信部门提出了一种新的法律在2月10日,互联网和电信公司将被要求保持广泛的用户数据长达三年,删除或阻止任何内容被认为是破坏“团结、稳定和和平”,与可能的监禁那些不遵守。
4月下旬,军政府开始订购电信运营商为某些网站和应用,从应用程序的本地银行,说三个知情人士发展。微软办公软件谷歌的Gmail, Google Drive和YouTube也被疏通。
被问及分块,微软代表说,该公司没有与缅甸官员。谷歌没有回应记者的置评请求。
业内人士和活动人士认为,这些举措的一部分,军政府试图建立其版本的互联网,类似中国所做的“长城防火墙”。
“军方想要控制互联网,所以这将是一个安全区域,但只有对他们来说,”一位行业高管说。“我们回去五年时间。”
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<\/figure>By Fanny Potkin and Poppy McPherson<\/strong>SINGAPORE\/BANGKOK: In the months before the Myanmar military's Feb. 1 coup, the country's telecom and internet service providers were ordered to install intercept spyware that would allow the army to eavesdrop on the communications of citizens, sources with direct knowledge of the plan told Reuters.
The technology gives the military the power to listen in on calls, view text messages and web traffic including emails, and track the locations of users without the assistance of the telecom and internet firms<\/a>, the sources said.
<\/div><\/div>The directives are part of a sweeping effort by the army to deploy electronic surveillance systems and exert control over the internet with the aim of keeping tabs on political opponents, squashing protests and cutting off channels for any future dissent, they added.
Decision makers at the civilian Ministry of Transport and Communications that delivered the orders were ex-military officials, according to one industry executive with direct knowledge of the plans and another briefed on the matter.
\"They presented it as coming from the civilian government, but we knew the army would have control and were told you could not refuse,\" the executive with direct knowledge said, adding that officials from the military-controlled Ministry of Home Affairs also sat in on the meetings.
More than a dozen people with knowledge of the intercept spyware used in Myanmar have been interviewed by Reuters. All asked to remain anonymous, citing fear of retribution from the military junta.
Neither representatives for the junta nor representatives for politicians attempting to form a new civilian government responded to Reuters requests for comment.
Budget documents from 2019 and 2020 for the previous government led by Aung San Suu Kyi that were not disclosed publicly contain details of a planned $4 million in purchases of intercept spyware products and parts as well as sophisticated data extraction and phone hacking technology. The documents were provided by activist group Justice for Myanmar and were independently verified by Reuters.
Decision makers at the civilian Ministry of Transport and Communications that delivered the orders were ex-military officials, according to one industry executive with direct knowledge of the plans and another briefed on the matter.
\"They presented it as coming from the civilian government, but we knew the army would have control and were told you could not refuse,\" the executive with direct knowledge said, adding that officials from the military-controlled Ministry of Home Affairs also sat in on the meetings.
More than a dozen people with knowledge of the intercept spyware used in Myanmar have been interviewed by Reuters. All asked to remain anonymous, citing fear of retribution from the military junta.
Neither representatives for the junta nor representatives for politicians attempting to form a new civilian government responded to Reuters requests for comment.
Budget documents from 2019 and 2020 for the previous government led by Aung San Suu Kyi that were not disclosed publicly contain details of a planned $4 million in purchases of intercept spyware products and parts as well as sophisticated data extraction and phone hacking technology. The documents were provided by activist group Justice for Myanmar and were independently verified by Reuters.
<\/div><\/div>Reuters was not able to establish to what extent senior non-military people in Suu Kyi's government had been involved in the order to install the intercept.
The idea of a so-called 'lawful intercept' was first floated by Myanmar authorities to the telecommunications sector in late 2019 but pressure to install such technology came only in late 2020, several sources said, adding that they were warned not to talk about it.
The intercept plans were flagged publicly by Norway's Telenor<\/a> in an annual update on its Myanmar business, which is one of the country's biggest telecom firms with 18 million customers out of a population of 54 million.
Telenor said in the Dec. 3 briefing and statement posted on its websites that it was concerned about Myanmar authorities' plans for a lawful intercept able to \"directly access each operator and ISP's systems without case-by-case approval\" as Myanmar did not have sufficient laws and regulations to protect customers' rights to privacy and freedom of expression.
In addition to Telenor, the affected companies include three other telecom firms in Myanmar: MPT, a large state-backed operator, Mytel<\/a>, a venture between Myanmar's army and Viettel which is owned by Vietnam's defence ministry, and Qatar's Ooredoo. MPT and Mytel are now under the full control of the junta, the sources said. There are about a dozen internet service providers.
Telenor declined to respond to questions from Reuters for this article, citing unspecified security concerns for its employees.
MPT, Mytel and Ooredoo did not respond to requests for comment. Japanese trading house Sumitomo Corp, which together with wireless carrier KDDI Corp announced in 2014 planned investment of $2 billion in MPT, declined to comment. KDDI and Viettel did not respond to requests for comment.
Many governments allow for what are commonly called 'lawful intercepts' to be used by law enforcement agencies to catch criminals. But in most democratic countries and even some authoritarian regimes, such technology is not ordinarily employed without any kind of legal process, cybersecurity experts say. The Myanmar military, in contrast, is directly operating invasive telecoms spyware without legal or regulatory safeguards to protect human rights in place, according to industry executives and activists.
Even before the coup, Myanmar's military wielded outsized influence in the democratically elected civilian government led by Suu Kyi. It had an unelected quota of 25% of parliamentary seats and the constitution gave it control of several key ministries. It also had extensive sway at the communications and other ministries through the appointment of former army officers. That has become total control since the coup.
TRACINGS AND INTERCEPTIONS<\/strong>
According to three sources at firms with knowledge of the surveillance system, not every telecom firm and internet service provider has installed the full intercept spyware. Reuters was not able to establish how broadly it has been installed and deployed.
But military and intelligence agencies are conducting some tracing of SIM cards and interception of calls, two of those sources said. One source said calls being redirected to other numbers and connecting without a dial tone were among the signs of interception.
A legal source with knowledge of cases against people involved in the protests also said there was evidence of monitoring spyware being used to prosecute them. Reuters has not seen any documents supporting the claim.
A senior civil servant who is aiding ousted politicians seeking to form a parallel government also said their group has been warned by people working for the junta but sympathetic to protesters that phone numbers are being traced.
\"We have to change SIM cards all the time,\" the senior civil servant said.
According to Amnesty International<\/a>'s Security Lab and three other tech experts, the intercept products outlined in the government budget documents would enable the bulk collection of phone metadata - data on who users call, when they call and for how long - as well as targeted content interception.
CABLES CUT, ACTIVISTS' PHONES BLOCKED<\/strong>
Among the military's first actions on Feb. 1 was to direct armed soldiers to break into data centres nationwide at midnight and slash internet cables, according to employees at three firms who showed Reuters photos of severed cables.
At one data centre where employees resisted, soldiers held them at gunpoint and also smashed monitors to threaten them, said one source briefed on the matter.
Though the internet was mostly restored with hours, the army began shutting it down nightly. Within days, the army had secretly ordered telecom firms to block the phone numbers of activists, junta opponents and human rights lawyers, providing the firms with lists, according to three industry sources briefed on the matter. Those orders have not been previously reported.
The sources added that operators are required by law to share customer lists with authorities.
The army also directed the blocking of specific websites. Facebook, which was used by half the country and quickly became crucial to protest organisers, was among the first to be banned, followed by news sites and other social media platforms.
When opposition grew in March, the military cut access to mobile data altogether, leaving most in Myanmar without access to the internet.
\"Firms have to obey the orders,\" one industry source said. \"Everyone knows that if you don't, they can just come in with guns and cut the wires. That's even more effective than any intercept.\"
Telenor and Ooredoo executives who protested were told to stay quiet or the companies would face losing their licences, four sources said.
THE ARMY'S TIGHTENING GRIP<\/strong>
Under previous juntas that ruled between 1963 and 2011, activists and journalists were routinely wiretapped and smartphones were scarce.
As Myanmar opened up, it became a telecoms success story with a thriving, if nascent, digital economy. Mobile phone penetration, in 2011 the second-lowest in the world after North Korea at 6.9%, soared to stand at 126% in 2020.
The civilian government's first known move towards nationwide surveillance came in 2018, with the establishment of a social media monitoring system it said was aimed at preventing the influence of foreign forces. It followed that with a biometric SIM card registration drive last year, saying multiple SIM card use was undesirable and a central database was necessary.
Authorities are now seeking still more power over telecommunications.
The communications ministry proposed a new law on Feb. 10 that states internet and telecom firms will be required to keep a broad range of user data for up to three years and remove or block any content deemed to be disrupting \"unity, stabilisation, and peace\", with possible jail terms for those who don't comply.
In late April, the junta began ordering telecom operators to unblock certain websites and apps, starting with the apps of local banks, said three people briefed on the development. Microsoft Office<\/a>, Google's Gmail, Google Drive and YouTube have also since been unblocked.
Asked about the unblocking, a Microsoft<\/a> representative said the company had not engaged with officials in Myanmar. Google did not respond to requests for comment.
Industry sources and activists believe these moves are part of an attempt by the junta to establish its version of the internet, akin to what China has done with the \"Great Firewall\".
\"The military wants to control the internet so it will be a safe zone but only for them,\" said one industry executive. \"We've gone back five years in time.\"
<\/div><\/div>
The idea of a so-called 'lawful intercept' was first floated by Myanmar authorities to the telecommunications sector in late 2019 but pressure to install such technology came only in late 2020, several sources said, adding that they were warned not to talk about it.
The intercept plans were flagged publicly by Norway's Telenor<\/a> in an annual update on its Myanmar business, which is one of the country's biggest telecom firms with 18 million customers out of a population of 54 million.
Telenor said in the Dec. 3 briefing and statement posted on its websites that it was concerned about Myanmar authorities' plans for a lawful intercept able to \"directly access each operator and ISP's systems without case-by-case approval\" as Myanmar did not have sufficient laws and regulations to protect customers' rights to privacy and freedom of expression.
In addition to Telenor, the affected companies include three other telecom firms in Myanmar: MPT, a large state-backed operator, Mytel<\/a>, a venture between Myanmar's army and Viettel which is owned by Vietnam's defence ministry, and Qatar's Ooredoo. MPT and Mytel are now under the full control of the junta, the sources said. There are about a dozen internet service providers.
Telenor declined to respond to questions from Reuters for this article, citing unspecified security concerns for its employees.
MPT, Mytel and Ooredoo did not respond to requests for comment. Japanese trading house Sumitomo Corp, which together with wireless carrier KDDI Corp announced in 2014 planned investment of $2 billion in MPT, declined to comment. KDDI and Viettel did not respond to requests for comment.
Many governments allow for what are commonly called 'lawful intercepts' to be used by law enforcement agencies to catch criminals. But in most democratic countries and even some authoritarian regimes, such technology is not ordinarily employed without any kind of legal process, cybersecurity experts say. The Myanmar military, in contrast, is directly operating invasive telecoms spyware without legal or regulatory safeguards to protect human rights in place, according to industry executives and activists.
Even before the coup, Myanmar's military wielded outsized influence in the democratically elected civilian government led by Suu Kyi. It had an unelected quota of 25% of parliamentary seats and the constitution gave it control of several key ministries. It also had extensive sway at the communications and other ministries through the appointment of former army officers. That has become total control since the coup.
TRACINGS AND INTERCEPTIONS<\/strong>
According to three sources at firms with knowledge of the surveillance system, not every telecom firm and internet service provider has installed the full intercept spyware. Reuters was not able to establish how broadly it has been installed and deployed.
But military and intelligence agencies are conducting some tracing of SIM cards and interception of calls, two of those sources said. One source said calls being redirected to other numbers and connecting without a dial tone were among the signs of interception.
A legal source with knowledge of cases against people involved in the protests also said there was evidence of monitoring spyware being used to prosecute them. Reuters has not seen any documents supporting the claim.
A senior civil servant who is aiding ousted politicians seeking to form a parallel government also said their group has been warned by people working for the junta but sympathetic to protesters that phone numbers are being traced.
\"We have to change SIM cards all the time,\" the senior civil servant said.
According to Amnesty International<\/a>'s Security Lab and three other tech experts, the intercept products outlined in the government budget documents would enable the bulk collection of phone metadata - data on who users call, when they call and for how long - as well as targeted content interception.
CABLES CUT, ACTIVISTS' PHONES BLOCKED<\/strong>
Among the military's first actions on Feb. 1 was to direct armed soldiers to break into data centres nationwide at midnight and slash internet cables, according to employees at three firms who showed Reuters photos of severed cables.
At one data centre where employees resisted, soldiers held them at gunpoint and also smashed monitors to threaten them, said one source briefed on the matter.
Though the internet was mostly restored with hours, the army began shutting it down nightly. Within days, the army had secretly ordered telecom firms to block the phone numbers of activists, junta opponents and human rights lawyers, providing the firms with lists, according to three industry sources briefed on the matter. Those orders have not been previously reported.
The sources added that operators are required by law to share customer lists with authorities.
The army also directed the blocking of specific websites. Facebook, which was used by half the country and quickly became crucial to protest organisers, was among the first to be banned, followed by news sites and other social media platforms.
When opposition grew in March, the military cut access to mobile data altogether, leaving most in Myanmar without access to the internet.
\"Firms have to obey the orders,\" one industry source said. \"Everyone knows that if you don't, they can just come in with guns and cut the wires. That's even more effective than any intercept.\"
Telenor and Ooredoo executives who protested were told to stay quiet or the companies would face losing their licences, four sources said.
THE ARMY'S TIGHTENING GRIP<\/strong>
Under previous juntas that ruled between 1963 and 2011, activists and journalists were routinely wiretapped and smartphones were scarce.
As Myanmar opened up, it became a telecoms success story with a thriving, if nascent, digital economy. Mobile phone penetration, in 2011 the second-lowest in the world after North Korea at 6.9%, soared to stand at 126% in 2020.
The civilian government's first known move towards nationwide surveillance came in 2018, with the establishment of a social media monitoring system it said was aimed at preventing the influence of foreign forces. It followed that with a biometric SIM card registration drive last year, saying multiple SIM card use was undesirable and a central database was necessary.
Authorities are now seeking still more power over telecommunications.
The communications ministry proposed a new law on Feb. 10 that states internet and telecom firms will be required to keep a broad range of user data for up to three years and remove or block any content deemed to be disrupting \"unity, stabilisation, and peace\", with possible jail terms for those who don't comply.
In late April, the junta began ordering telecom operators to unblock certain websites and apps, starting with the apps of local banks, said three people briefed on the development. Microsoft Office<\/a>, Google's Gmail, Google Drive and YouTube have also since been unblocked.
Asked about the unblocking, a Microsoft<\/a> representative said the company had not engaged with officials in Myanmar. Google did not respond to requests for comment.
Industry sources and activists believe these moves are part of an attempt by the junta to establish its version of the internet, akin to what China has done with the \"Great Firewall\".
\"The military wants to control the internet so it will be a safe zone but only for them,\" said one industry executive. \"We've gone back five years in time.\"
<\/div><\/div>
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rise","url_seo":"telenor-q1-profit-misses-forecast-as-costs-rise"},"90438000":{"msid":"90438000","stname":"Telenor completes Myanmar business sale, to be paid over 5 years","artsyn":"Telenor in May 2021 wrote down the value of its Myanmar business by 6.5 billion crowns ($751 million) and later said it would be sold for $105 million to Lebanese investment firm M1 and local firm Shwe Byain Phyu.","seolocation":"telecomnews\/telenor-completes-myanmar-business-sale-to-be-paid-over-5-years","seolocationalt":"Telenor completes Myanmar business sale, to be paid over 5 years","url_seo":"telenor-completes-myanmar-business-sale-to-be-paid-over-5-years"},"90307966":{"msid":"90307966","stname":"Myanmar junta approves sale of Telenor subsidiary to Lebanon's M1","artsyn":"In July, Telenor announced that it planned to sell its subsidiary Telenor Myanmar and later cited junta demands that it install monitoring equipment on the network as a reason for leaving the country.","seolocation":"telecomnews\/myanmar-junta-approves-sale-of-telenor-subsidiary-to-lebanons-m1","seolocationalt":"Myanmar junta approves sale of Telenor subsidiary to Lebanon's M1","url_seo":"myanmar-junta-approves-sale-of-telenor-subsidiary-to-lebanons-m1"},"89935270":{"msid":"89935270","stname":"Telenor's fire sale of Myanmar unit includes $100 mln in funds: Sources","artsyn":"Telenor will be selling the business to Myanmar conglomerate Shwe Byain Phyu (SBP) and Lebanese investment firm M1 Group, the sources said, adding that the $100 million in retained earnings are held at a Myanmar bank.","seolocation":"telecomnews\/telenors-fire-sale-of-myanmar-unit-includes-100-mln-in-funds-sources","seolocationalt":"Telenor's fire sale of Myanmar unit includes $100 mln in funds: Sources","url_seo":"telenors-fire-sale-of-myanmar-unit-includes-100-mln-in-funds-sources"},"89911940":{"msid":"89911940","stname":"Telcos allow free calls to Ukraine, waive roaming charges","artsyn":"European telecoms lobbying group ETNO said an internal survey showed at least 13 of its members have taken measures to help Ukrainians after Russia's invasion of the country, while more are expected to do the same in the coming days.","seolocation":"telecomnews\/telcos-allow-free-calls-to-ukraine-waive-roaming-charges","seolocationalt":"Telcos allow free calls to Ukraine, waive roaming charges","url_seo":"telcos-allow-free-calls-to-ukraine-waive-roaming-charges"}}}}" data-news-images="[{"msid":"82757810","msname":"Naypyitaw : Myanmar's military personnel stand guard at a checkpoint manned with...","msnameseo":"naypyitaw-myanmars-military-personnel-stand-guard-at-a-checkpoint-manned-with-","mediatype":"44","artdate":"2021-02-02 12:00:00.0","caption":""}]" data-newsletter-by="0" data-newsletter-date="a" data-hasbottomcarousel="" data-alldetailsopen="0" data-multipleanalyticshit="" data-deeplink="https://ettelecom.app.link?$deeplink_path=" data-socialshareformat="default">
