<\/strong>
Shortly after the Nigerian government blocked Twitter<\/a> in 2021 for removing a post by the country's president, its verified handle @NigeriaGov appeared on Koo<\/a>, an Indian microblogging platform that was little known overseas.
It was a major milestone for Koo, which had launched with a focus on Indian languages and a government-friendly stance even as its bigger rival Twitter increasingly locked horns with authorities over its content moderation policies.
It was also a vindication for the Indian government, where many officials are on Koo, and which last month hailed another locally made technology: a mobile operating system, BharOS<\/a>, to challenge Google<\/a> whose Android operating system dominates the country's smartphone market.
\"We have a long way to go, but if this happens, monopoly by anybody will go away,\" Dharmendra Pradhan, India's skill development and entrepreneurship minister, said of the potential for locally made technologies like BharOS to be widely adopted.
Prime Minister Narendra Modi has been pushing for self-reliance in everything from manufacture to vaccine development, and especially technology, while also trying to rein in global tech firms with laws to limit data transfers, banning Chinese apps, and policing online content more vigorously.
But India's push for digital sovereignty will have enormous consequences for the country's 1.4 billion population, tech experts and rights groups warn, with a potential increase in state surveillance and tightening of freedoms in online spaces.
\"Digital sovereignty has roots in the intent to control, and is tied to nationalism. There are economic elements too, as data is valuable,\" said Prateek Waghre, policy director at digital rights organisation Internet Freedom Foundation<\/a>.
\"The government has more leverage with local companies, which may not have the option of not complying - and that raises the concern that they won't stand up to surveillance requests,\" he said, pointing to recent cases of local media firms being hit with lawsuits when standing up to the government.
The ministry of information technology did not respond to a request for comment.
TECH COLONISATION<\/strong>
India is the world's second biggest market for smartphones, and has among the most users on social media platforms.
But big tech firms have been increasingly caught in the government's crosshairs - from a Facebook plan for free internet access being blocked, to content takedown requests, to ordering Google to change how it markets its Android operating system.
Last month, the Indian government ordered Twitter to remove over 50 tweets linking to the video of a BBC documentary questioning Modi's leadership during the 2002 riots in Gujarat state, and instructed YouTube to block any uploads of the video.
India is increasingly pushing back against technologies that it believes \"will give control over its society and economy to foreign powers,\" said Abishur Prakash, a geopolitical analyst.
\"One reason for countries to make their own technologies is concerns about tech colonisation,\" said Prakash, co-founder of the Center for Innovating the Future, a think tank.
\"There is also growing mistrust of technology from certain countries - like how the West views China's TikTok or Huawei,\" he told the Thomson Reuters Foundation.
While launching Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan - self-reliant India campaign - during the COVID-19 pandemic, Modi said that using locally made apps would be safer.
But having indigenous tech and storing data locally is not safer without proper safeguards and a robust data protection law to prevent unauthorised access and use, digital experts say, particularly with an operating system where there is a risk that data can be accessed by the government.
BharOS - built by a startup funded by the Indian government - is currently provided to organisations with \"stringent privacy and security requirements,\" the developer said in a statement.
TWITTER CLONE<\/strong>
Indian authorities have emphasised that countries have a \"sovereign right\" to use data for the nation's welfare and development.
Russia's invasion of Ukraine last year, which spurred many tech firms to sever ties with the former, was a wake-up call for many countries including India, said Waghre.
\"It raised the question: can this happen to us tomorrow - and how do we protect ourselves?\"
\"China is looked on rather enviously for standing up to big tech and creating its own ecosystem, and many countries have been trying to create something similar for years. Russia's invasion only precipitated the process,\" he added.
The Open Network for Digital Commerce (ONDC) - which displays products and services from member e-commerce platforms, and is touted as an alternative to Amazon and Walmart - was launched last year, and is backed by the government.
Indian authorities are also courting international deals for locally made technologies such as DigiLocker - a cloud-based platform for storing and sharing documents - as well as the Aadhaar digital ID scheme, and real-time payments system UPI.
And while Koo's user base is largely in India, the company says it is present in more than 100 countries, and its investors include firms based in the United States, Japan and Switzerland.
With its yellow bird logo, Koo is seen by some tech experts as the closest to a Twitter clone.
Koo had about 17 million downloads in India over the past year and nearly 3 million in Brazil where it launched in November, according to Apptopia, which monitors apps.
Aprameya Radhakrishna, Koo's co-founder and chief executive, dismissed surveillance concerns, saying they have \"never faced a situation related to control from any government,\" and that the platform has \"transparent and strict disclosure processes\".
Indian technologies are going global, he said, because \"India is known for its excellent engineering talent and ... a lot of these products are sophisticated and relevant to global markets.\"
At home, while competition is critical, local firms are \"fully compliant\" with government guidelines whereas foreign companies may not be, said Rohan Verma, chief executive of MapmyIndia, a digital maps maker, citing instances where Google Maps has shown international borders as disputed.
So with maps \"indigenously created maps should be the default, and foreign ones the second or third option,\" he said.
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印度推动数字主权风险更多的在线监测
莫迪总理一直在推动自力更生从制造疫苗的发展,特别是技术,同时也努力控制全球科技公司法律限制数据传输,禁止中国应用,治安在线内容更有力。
由意大利船级社Chandran
后不久,尼日利亚政府屏蔽推特在2021年消除该国总统的职位,其验证处理@NigeriaGov出现在古印度海外鲜为人知的微博平台。
古是一个重要的里程碑,推出专注于印度语言和一个亲政府的立场,尽管其规模更大的竞争对手Twitter越来越锁角与当局对其内容适度的政策。
也是一个印度政府辩护,许多官员在古,和上个月被另一个本地生产的技术:一个手机操作系统,bharo,挑战谷歌的Android操作系统占据了智能手机市场。
“我们有很长的路要走,但如果发生这种情况,垄断到任何人将消失,“Dharmendra Pradhan,印度技能发展和创业部长表示,潜在的本地生产的技术像bharo广泛采用。
莫迪总理一直在推动自力更生从制造疫苗的发展,特别是技术,同时也努力控制全球科技公司法律限制数据传输,禁止中国应用,治安在线内容更有力。
但是印度的推动数字主权将对该国14亿人口的巨大影响,技术专家和人权组织警告说,潜在的增加在在线状态监测和收紧的自由空间。
“数字主权控制意图的根,并与民族主义。也有经济因素,数据是有价值的,”说Prateek Waghre,数字版权政策主管组织互联网自由基金会。
“政府有更多的利用与当地企业,不可能没有选择服从,引起人们关注到他们不会站起来监视请求,”他说,指着最近的当地媒体公司在遭遇诉讼当站到政府。
部信息技术没有回应记者的置评请求。
技术殖民
印度是世界上第二大的智能手机市场,并在大多数用户在社交媒体平台上。
但大型科技公司越来越被政府的十字准线——从一个Facebook计划免费互联网访问被屏蔽,内容可拆卸的请求,要求谷歌改变它的Android操作系统市场。
上个月,印度政府下令Twitter删除超过50微博链接到视频的BBC纪录片质疑莫迪的领导在2002年的暴乱在古吉拉特邦,和指示YouTube阻止任何上传的视频。
印度正在越来越多地反击技术,它认为“会给控制外国势力的社会和经济,”亚比述普拉卡什说,一个地缘政治分析师。
“为国家做出自己的技术的一个原因是担心技术殖民,”普拉卡什说,联合创始人创新中心的未来,一个智库。
”也越来越不信任来自某些国家的技术——就像西方世界如何看待中国TikTok或华为,”他告诉《汤森路透基金会。
同时推出Atmanirbhar巴拉特激励计划——自力更生印度运动——COVID-19大流行期间,莫迪说,使用本地生产的应用会更安全。
但拥有自主技术和本地存储数据并不是没有适当的安全保障措施和一个健壮的数据保护法律来防止未经授权的访问和使用,数字专家说,特别是在一个操作系统,还存在一种风险,即由政府可以访问数据。
bharo——由印度政府资助的创业,目前提供给组织“严格的隐私和安全的要求,开发人员在一份声明中说。
TWITTER克隆
印度当局强调,国家“主权权利”为国家的福利和发展使用数据。
去年俄罗斯入侵乌克兰,这促使许多科技公司断绝与前者,是许多国家包括印度、警钟Waghre说。
“它提出这样一个问题:可以明天这个发生在我们身上,我们如何保护自己?”
“中国是非常羡慕看着站起来大科技,创造自己的生态系统,和许多国家多年来一直试图创造类似。俄罗斯入侵只沉淀的过程,”他补充道。
开放的网络电子商务(ONDC)——电子商务平台展示产品和服务的成员,和被吹捧为一种“另类亚马逊和沃尔玛——去年成立,并由政府支持的。
印度当局也吸引国际交易DigiLocker等国产技术——基于云计算的存储和共享文档的平台以及Aadhaar数字身份证计划,UPI和实时支付系统。
尽管古的用户群主要是在印度,该公司表示,它在100多个国家,和它的投资者包括公司总部在美国,日本和瑞士。
黄色小鸟标志,古永锵被一些技术专家视为最接近一个Twitter克隆。
古印度有大约1700万下载过去一年和近300万在巴西在11月推出,据Apptopia监控应用程序。
Aprameya Radhakrishna,古永锵的联合创始人和首席执行官被监测问题,说他们“从来没有从任何政府面临形势相关的控制,”,这个平台已经“透明、严格的信息披露流程”。
印度技术“走出去”,他说,因为“印度是闻名的优秀工程人才…很多这些产品都是复杂的和相关的全球市场。
在家里,而竞争是至关重要的,当地企业与政府的指导方针,而“完全符合”外国公司可能不是,罗翰Verma说MapmyIndia首席执行官数字地图制造商,引用实例,谷歌地图显示国际边界争议。
所以地图”自主创建地图应该是默认的,和外国的第二或第三选择,”他说。
后不久,尼日利亚政府屏蔽推特在2021年消除该国总统的职位,其验证处理@NigeriaGov出现在古印度海外鲜为人知的微博平台。
古是一个重要的里程碑,推出专注于印度语言和一个亲政府的立场,尽管其规模更大的竞争对手Twitter越来越锁角与当局对其内容适度的政策。
也是一个印度政府辩护,许多官员在古,和上个月被另一个本地生产的技术:一个手机操作系统,bharo,挑战谷歌的Android操作系统占据了智能手机市场。
“我们有很长的路要走,但如果发生这种情况,垄断到任何人将消失,“Dharmendra Pradhan,印度技能发展和创业部长表示,潜在的本地生产的技术像bharo广泛采用。
莫迪总理一直在推动自力更生从制造疫苗的发展,特别是技术,同时也努力控制全球科技公司法律限制数据传输,禁止中国应用,治安在线内容更有力。
但是印度的推动数字主权将对该国14亿人口的巨大影响,技术专家和人权组织警告说,潜在的增加在在线状态监测和收紧的自由空间。
“数字主权控制意图的根,并与民族主义。也有经济因素,数据是有价值的,”说Prateek Waghre,数字版权政策主管组织互联网自由基金会。
“政府有更多的利用与当地企业,不可能没有选择服从,引起人们关注到他们不会站起来监视请求,”他说,指着最近的当地媒体公司在遭遇诉讼当站到政府。
部信息技术没有回应记者的置评请求。
技术殖民
印度是世界上第二大的智能手机市场,并在大多数用户在社交媒体平台上。
但大型科技公司越来越被政府的十字准线——从一个Facebook计划免费互联网访问被屏蔽,内容可拆卸的请求,要求谷歌改变它的Android操作系统市场。
上个月,印度政府下令Twitter删除超过50微博链接到视频的BBC纪录片质疑莫迪的领导在2002年的暴乱在古吉拉特邦,和指示YouTube阻止任何上传的视频。
印度正在越来越多地反击技术,它认为“会给控制外国势力的社会和经济,”亚比述普拉卡什说,一个地缘政治分析师。
“为国家做出自己的技术的一个原因是担心技术殖民,”普拉卡什说,联合创始人创新中心的未来,一个智库。
”也越来越不信任来自某些国家的技术——就像西方世界如何看待中国TikTok或华为,”他告诉《汤森路透基金会。
同时推出Atmanirbhar巴拉特激励计划——自力更生印度运动——COVID-19大流行期间,莫迪说,使用本地生产的应用会更安全。
但拥有自主技术和本地存储数据并不是没有适当的安全保障措施和一个健壮的数据保护法律来防止未经授权的访问和使用,数字专家说,特别是在一个操作系统,还存在一种风险,即由政府可以访问数据。
bharo——由印度政府资助的创业,目前提供给组织“严格的隐私和安全的要求,开发人员在一份声明中说。
TWITTER克隆
印度当局强调,国家“主权权利”为国家的福利和发展使用数据。
去年俄罗斯入侵乌克兰,这促使许多科技公司断绝与前者,是许多国家包括印度、警钟Waghre说。
“它提出这样一个问题:可以明天这个发生在我们身上,我们如何保护自己?”
“中国是非常羡慕看着站起来大科技,创造自己的生态系统,和许多国家多年来一直试图创造类似。俄罗斯入侵只沉淀的过程,”他补充道。
开放的网络电子商务(ONDC)——电子商务平台展示产品和服务的成员,和被吹捧为一种“另类亚马逊和沃尔玛——去年成立,并由政府支持的。
印度当局也吸引国际交易DigiLocker等国产技术——基于云计算的存储和共享文档的平台以及Aadhaar数字身份证计划,UPI和实时支付系统。
尽管古的用户群主要是在印度,该公司表示,它在100多个国家,和它的投资者包括公司总部在美国,日本和瑞士。
黄色小鸟标志,古永锵被一些技术专家视为最接近一个Twitter克隆。
古印度有大约1700万下载过去一年和近300万在巴西在11月推出,据Apptopia监控应用程序。
Aprameya Radhakrishna,古永锵的联合创始人和首席执行官被监测问题,说他们“从来没有从任何政府面临形势相关的控制,”,这个平台已经“透明、严格的信息披露流程”。
印度技术“走出去”,他说,因为“印度是闻名的优秀工程人才…很多这些产品都是复杂的和相关的全球市场。
在家里,而竞争是至关重要的,当地企业与政府的指导方针,而“完全符合”外国公司可能不是,罗翰Verma说MapmyIndia首席执行官数字地图制造商,引用实例,谷歌地图显示国际边界争议。
所以地图”自主创建地图应该是默认的,和外国的第二或第三选择,”他说。
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