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Thomson Foundation: The two-year fight against COVID-19 has turned technology into a weapon of choice to defeat the virus but experts now worry that tech will outlive the pandemic and normalise mass surveillance.
From contact tracing<\/a> apps to facial recognition, technology has become part of the arsenal used to protect public health.
While this might have helped save lives, rights advocates say intrusive solutions could already be so entrenched that personal privacy is the long-term price many people may yet pay.
\"Once a big system is introduced into a society, it is difficult to fundamentally fix it, even if a problem is found afterwards,\" said Chang Yeo-Kyung executive director of South Korea's Institute for Digital Rights.
The country has largely been a COVID-19 success story, partially thanks to aggressive testing and tracing.
This year, as cases of the highly infectious but less deadly Omicron variant surged, it scrapped contact tracing and mandatory isolation for vaccinated people in favour of self diagnosis and at-home treatment to free up medical resources.
Yet, in December, it announced a nationally funded pilot to use artificial intelligence, facial recognition and thousands of CCTV cameras to track the movement of infected people - a move that raised privacy concerns.
The project was set to start in January in Bucheon, one of the country's most densely populated cities on the outskirts of Seoul, but it has reportedly suffered delays.
\"There are concerns that surveillance will become a 'new normal' for our society after COVID-19,\" Chang told the Thomson Reuters Foundation via email.
For example, he said people have already grown accustomed to showing proof of identity before entering a venue.
Government, too, has stretched boundaries, Chang said, in one instance using cell towers to identify thousands of people at a given location - then encountering only meek resistance.
QR CODES AND BODY HEAT<\/strong>
Elsewhere in Asia, countries from Singapore to India, from Thailand to Taiwan continue to use contact tracing apps to track local residents, as well as keep tabs on tourists.
Singapore, Thailand and others also extensively use QR codes for check-ins at malls, restaurants, airports and other sites.
Last year, Singapore said it would allow police to use personal data from its contact tracing app in \"serious\" criminal investigations, and introduced a bill that mandated penalties, including jail time, for misuse of the data.
The Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir said last year that it had shared data from a contact tracing app with local police.
App-based food delivery firms, such as Zomato<\/a> and Swiggy, began sharing workers' names and body temperatures with clients.
Several Indian cities have also made it mandatory for municipal workers to wear tracking devices, while teachers in New Delhi have filed a lawsuit to stop the use of biometrics in an attendance app they say invades their privacy.
PUSHBACK<\/strong>
The increase in surveillance has spawned heightened debate and some legal action, according to digital rights experts, as fears grow that surveillance has already gone too far.
\"We have been asked to give a lot of data for the purposes of controlling the virus. Sometimes it was necessary, sometimes it was not,\" said Carissa Veliz, a professor at the Institute for Ethics in AI at Oxford University in Britain.
\"On the other hand ... we are seeing more of a backlash than we used to and more awareness.. I think people are tired of feeling spied on.\"
Estelle Masse, global data protection lead at rights group Access Now, said contact tracing apps in Europe fared relatively well in terms of privacy protection, in part due to greater public discourse.
\"A lot of the potential privacy risk that could have existed did not materialise,\" she said.
European apps, for example, largely stored data on people's phones rather than in one central database, she said, while the extent of info logged only stretched to the need-to-know.
ROLLBACK?
<\/strong>
But not everything went to plan - not when authorities used private data designed to stem the virus for other reasons.
In Germany, prosecutors in Mainz apologised after it was revealed that police surreptitiously obtained the details of people gathered by a privately-developed contact-tracing app, Luca, as part of a probe into the death of a man.
Luca said the app had worked as police only got access to its data about a restaurant visited by the man after getting the health department to pretend it was the site of an infection.
Similar cases caused a stir in Australia, where two states trialled facial recognition software that let police check whether people were home during quarantine.
And in Britain, reports that the terms and conditions of some QR code check-in apps used by pubs and restaurants allowed client data to be held for years and shared raised eyebrows.
That underlined the importance of minimising the amount of data that can be collected, and of putting in place strong legal frameworks over its use, said Masse.
But as the world moves from pandemic towards endemic phase, it was also time to start discussing the what-next, she said.
\"We're entering a phase when it comes to questions like, 'how long are we going to be needing those apps for?',\" she said
If they were no longer deemed necessary, governments had a duty to help phase them out and ensure companies would not repurpose the tools for other uses.
\"It's kind of the nature of the internet, platforms disappearing and people forgetting they have an account somewhere. But these are apps that were pushed by governments to be used by millions of people,\" said Masse.
\"The way governments accompanied their rollout and utilisation, they will also have to accompany their deletion from users.\"
Yet, some developers believe their apps will have a life post-COVID now that people know the upside of digitising services - so long as it is coupled with data protection.
Patrick Hennig, director of Germany's Luca app, said his firm's experience tracking the virus at venues could easily be used to streamline restaurant payments or hotel check-ins.
\"(People) are very willing to share their data if they really see benefit,\" he said. \"If things are done correctly, then there is no issue, the general population will accept it.\"
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汤姆森基金会:两年的对抗COVID-19把技术变成一个特别武器打败现在的病毒但专家担心,科技会比大流行和正常化质量监测。
从接触者追踪面部识别软件,技术已经成为阿森纳的一部分用来保护公众健康。
虽然这可能有助于拯救生命,权利倡导者说侵入性的解决方案可能已经根深蒂固,个人隐私是长期的许多人可能会付出代价。
“一旦一个大系统引入一个社会,很难从根本上解决它,即使发现问题之后,“常说Yeo-Kyung韩国研究所执行主任数字版权。
这个国家很大程度上一直是COVID-19成功故事,部分得益于积极的测试和跟踪。
今年,作为传染性很强但不致命的情况下ο变体激增,人们放弃了接种疫苗接触者追踪和强制隔离的自我诊断和家庭治疗免费的医疗资源。
然而,去年12月,该公司宣布在全国范围内资助的试点使用人工智能,面部识别和成千上万的闭路电视摄像头跟踪运动的感染者,此举引发了隐私问题。
项目在Bucheon一月份开始,该国人口最稠密的城市之一在首尔郊区的,但据报道,遭受了延误。
“人们担心监测将成为我们社会的“新常态”COVID-19之后,“张汤森路透基金会通过电子邮件。
例如,他说,人们已经习惯于显示身份证明在进入场地。
政府也延伸边界,Chang说,在一个实例中使用基站确定成千上万的人在一个给定的位置,那么遇到只温顺的阻力。
QR码和身体热量
在亚洲其他地区,国家从新加坡到印度,从泰国到台湾继续使用接触者追踪软件来追踪当地居民,以及监视游客。
新加坡、泰国和其他国家也广泛使用二维码签到的商场、餐厅、机场和其他网站。
去年,新加坡表示,它将允许警察使用个人数据从其接触者追踪应用在“严肃”的刑事调查,并介绍了一项法案,该法案规定处罚,包括牢狱之灾,滥用数据。
印度查谟和克什米尔去年表示,它已从一个接触者追踪应用共享数据与当地警察。
App-based速递公司,例如Zomato和Swiggy开始与客户分享工人的名字和体温。
几个印度城市也有强制要求市政工人穿跟踪装置,而教师在新德里提起诉讼来阻止在考勤中使用生物识别技术应用他们说侵犯了他们的隐私。
飞机推迟起飞
监视的增加催生了提高辩论和一些法律行动,根据数字版权专家,政府越来越担心,监测已经走得太远。
“我们一直要求提供大量的数据控制病毒的目的。有时是必要的,有时并不是“说假虎刺属Veliz,伦理研究所教授在英国牛津大学人工智能。
“另一方面…我们看到越来越多的反弹比过去更意识. .我认为人们厌倦了监视的感觉。”
埃斯特尔,人权团体访问,现在全球数据保护领导说接触者追踪应用在欧洲在隐私保护方面的表现相对较好,部分原因在于更大的公共话语。
“很多潜在的隐私风险可能存在没有出现,”她说。
欧洲的应用程序,例如,在很大程度上对人们的手机存储的数据,而不是在一个中央数据库,她说,虽然信息记录只有拉伸的程度应。
回滚?
但是并不是所有去计划,而不是当当局使用私有数据旨在遏制病毒的其他原因。
在德国,检察官在美因茨道歉后透露,警方秘密获得的细节人聚集的私人研制的接触者追踪应用,卢卡,作为调查的一部分,一个人的死亡。
卢卡说程序是警察只有饭店的访问其数据访问的人在得到卫生部门假装这是感染的网站。
类似的案件在澳大利亚引起了轰动,在两个国家进行面部识别软件,让警察在检疫检查人是否回家。
在英国,报道称,一些二维码签到服务的条款和条件使用的酒吧和餐馆允许客户端数据举行多年和共享,令人大跌眼镜。
,强调的重要性最小化可以收集的数据量,并建立强大的法律框架的使用,说。
但随着世界从大流行对流行阶段,也是时候开始讨论下一步,她说。
“我们正在进入一个崭新的阶段时,这样的问题,“我们要多长时间需要这些应用?’,”她说
如果他们不再认为有必要,政府有义务帮助阶段出来并确保公司不会把其他用途的工具。
”这是一种互联网的本质,平台消失,人们忘记了他们有一个帐户。但这些应用程序是由政府推动,数以百万计的人,”说。
“政府陪同他们的推广和利用,他们也需要陪他们从用户删除。”
然而,一些开发人员认为他们的应用程序将会有一个生活post-COVID现在人们知道数字化服务的好处,只要加上数据保护。
德国卢卡的应用,主任帕特里克·亨尼希说他的公司的经验跟踪病毒在场馆很容易被用来简化餐厅支付或酒店签到。
”(人)很愿意分享他们的数据如果他们真的看到好处,”他说。“如果正确地做事,那么没有问题,一般人会接受它。”
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