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Frances Haugen<\/a>, Lina Khan<\/a> and Elizabeth Holmes<\/a> - a data scientist turned whistleblower, a legal scholar turned antitrust enforcer and a former Silicon Valley high-flyer turned criminal defendant - all figured heavily in a technology world where men have long dominated the spotlight. Think Bill Gates, Steve Jobs<\/a>, Mark Zuckerberg<\/a>, Jeff Bezos, Elon Musk.
Haugen, a former product manager at Facebook, went public with internal documents to buttress accusations that the social network giant elevated profits over the safety of users. At 32, Khan is the youngest person ever to lead the Federal Trade Commission, an agency now poised to aggressively enforce antitrust law against the tech industry.
Holmes was once worth $4.5 billion on paper. Following a 3 1\/2-month federal trial that captivated Silicon Valley, she was convicted Monday on four counts of fraud and conspiracy for misleading investors about the accuracy of a blood-testing technology developed at her startup Theranos. Holmes could now face up to 20 years in prison.
The jury found her not guilty of four other felony charges. On the three remaining charges, the jury was deadlocked.
Holmes' story has become a Silicon Valley morality tale - a founder who flew too high, too fast - despite the fact that male tech executives have been accused of similar actions or worse without facing charges.
A similar dynamic prevailed for Khan, an academic outsider with big new ideas and a far-reaching agenda that ruffled institutional and business feathers. President Joe Biden stunned official Washington in June when he installed Khan, an energetic critic of Big Tech then teaching law, as head of the Federal Trade Commission. That signaled a tough government stance toward giants Meta, Google, Amazon and Apple.
Khan is the youngest chair in the 106-year history of the FTC, which polices competition, consumer protection and digital privacy. She was an unorthodox choice, with no administrative experience or knowledge of the agency other than a brief 2018 stint as legal adviser to one of the five commissioners.
But she brought intellectual heft that packed a political punch. Khan shook up the antitrust world in 2017 with her scholarly work as a Yale law student, \"Amazon's Antitrust Paradox,\" which helped shape a new way of looking at antitrust law.
For decades, antitrust work has defined anticompetitive conduct as market dominance that drives up prices, a concept that doesn't apply to many \"free\" technology services. Khan instead pushed to examine the broader effects of corporate concentration on industries, employees and communities. That school of thought - dubbed \"hipster antitrust\" by its detractors - appears to have had a significant influence on Biden.
Khan was born in London; her family moved to the New York City area when she was 11. After graduating from college, she spent three years as a policy analyst at the liberal-leaning think tank New America Foundation before leaving for Yale.
Under Khan's six-month tenure, the FTC has sharpened its antitrust attack against Facebook in federal court and pursued a competition investigation into Amazon. The agency sued to block graphics chip maker Nvidia's $40 billion purchase of chip designer Arm, saying a combined company could stifle the growth of new technologies.
In Khan's aggressive investigations and enforcement agenda, key priorities include racial bias in algorithms and market-power abuses by dominant tech companies. Internally, some employees have chafed at administrative changes that expanded Khan's authority over policymaking, and one Republican commissioner has assailed Khan in public.
\"She's shaken things up,\" said Robin Gaster, a visiting scholar at George Washington University who focuses on economics, politics and technology. \"She is going to be a field test for whether an aggressive FTC can expand the envelope for antitrust enforcement.\"
The U.S. Chamber of Commerce, the leading business lobby, has publicly threatened court fights, asserting that Khan and the FTC are waging war on American businesses.
Holmes founded Theranos when she was 19, dropping out of Stanford to pursue a bold, humanitarian idea. Possessed of seemingly boundless networking chutzpah, Holmes touted Theranos blood-testing technology as a breakthrough that could scan for hundreds of medical conditions using just a few drops of blood.
By 2015, 11 years after leaving Stanford, Holmes had raised hundreds of millions of dollars for her company, pushing its market value to $9 billion. Half of that belonged to Holmes, earning her the moniker of the world's youngest self-made female billionaire at 30.
Just three years later, though, Theranos collapsed in scandal. Now standing convicted of the fraud and conspiracy charges, Holmes, who is 37, could face up to 20 years in prison.
When young, Holmes was a competitive prodigy who openly aspired to make a vast fortune. She started studying Mandarin Chinese with a tutor around age 9, and talked her way into summer classes in the language at Stanford after her sophomore year in high school.
In her sophomore college year, she took the remainder of her tuition money as a stake and dropped out to run her company.
As Theranos ascended, some saw Holmes as the next Steve Jobs<\/a>. Theranos ultimately raised more than $900 million from investors including media baron Rupert Murdoch and Walmart's Walton family.
The company's fairy-tale success started to unravel in 2016, when a series of Wall Street Journal articles and a federal regulatory audit uncovered a pattern of grossly inaccurate blood results in tests run on Theranos devices.
The Holmes trial has exposed Silicon Valley's \"fake it 'til you make it\" culture in painful detail. Tech entrepreneurs often overpromise and exaggerate, so prosecutors faced the challenge of proving that Holmes' boosterism crossed the line into fraud.
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科学家,执行者,有野心的人:3女性在科技
Frances Haugen,莉娜汗和伊丽莎白·赫尔姆斯-数据科学家告密者,反垄断的执法和法律学者前硅谷有野心的人将刑事被告——所有想在技术世界里,男性长期以来一直是焦点。认为比尔盖茨,史蒂夫乔布斯,马克·扎克伯格,Elon Musk杰夫·贝佐斯。
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Frances Haugen,莉娜汗和伊丽莎白福尔摩斯——一个数据科学家把告密者,法律学者变成了反垄断的执法和前硅谷有野心的人将刑事被告都算在一个科技的世界里,男人一直主导的聚光灯下。认为比尔盖茨,史蒂夫•乔布斯,马克•扎克伯格Elon Musk杰夫·贝佐斯(Jeff Bezos)。
Haugen,上市前产品经理在Facebook内部文件来支持指控,社交网络巨头升高利润超过用户的安全。32岁的成吉思汗是最年轻的人来领导美国联邦贸易委员会(Federal Trade Commission),一个机构现在准备对科技行业积极执行反托拉斯法。
霍姆斯曾在纸上价值45亿美元。以下3个半月迷住了硅谷的联邦审判,她周一被判四项欺诈和共谋误导投资者的准确性验血技术启动Theranos。福尔摩斯现在可能面临20年的监禁。
陪审团判她无罪的其他四个重罪指控。剩下的三指控,陪审团是陷入僵局。
福尔摩斯的故事已经成为硅谷道德故事——创始人谁飞得太高,太快——尽管男性科技高管被指控的类似的行动或更糟而面临指控。
类似的汗动态盛行,学术局外人大新的想法和深远的议程,折边机构和业务的羽毛。总统拜登6月华盛顿官员大为震惊,当他安装了汗,一个充满活力的评论家的大型科技教学法律,联邦贸易委员会的负责人。代表一个强硬的政府态度巨头元,谷歌、亚马逊和苹果。
汗是最小的椅子在联邦贸易委员会的106年的历史,管辖竞争,消费者保护和数字隐私。她是一个非正统的选择,没有管理经验或知识以外的其他机构2018年短暂担任法律顾问五名委员之一。
但她把知识分量,政治打包装。汗和她撼动了2017年反垄断世界学术工作作为耶鲁大学法学院的学生,”亚马逊的反垄断悖论”,帮助形成一种新的方式看待反托拉斯法。
几十年来,反垄断工作反竞争行为定义为市场主导地位,推高了价格,这个概念并不适用于许多“自由”的技术服务。汗而不是推到检查企业关注行业的广泛影响,员工和社区。学派——被称为“潮人反垄断”,它的批评者——似乎对拜登有显著影响。
汗出生在伦敦;她的家人搬到纽约市地区当她11。大学毕业后,她花了三年的政策分析师的自由智库新美国基金会去耶鲁之前。
下汗的6个月的任期内,美国联邦贸易委员会加剧了反垄断攻击Facebook在联邦法院和亚马逊竞争调查。该机构起诉块图形芯片制造商Nvidia的400亿美元收购芯片设计的手臂,说一个合并后的公司可能会扼杀新技术的发展。
汗的积极的调查和执行议程,重点包括算法和种族偏见周军民滥用职权主导科技公司。在内部,一些员工感到恼火管理变化,扩大汗对决策的权力,和一名共和党委员在公开场合抨击汗。
“她是动摇起来,”罗宾说法莫替丁,乔治华盛顿大学访问学者关注经济、政治和技术。“她将会是一个现场试验的积极贸易委员会是否能扩大反垄断执法的信封。”
美国商会(U.S. Chamber of Commerce),领先的商业游说团体,公开威胁法院斗争,声称汗和联邦贸易委员会在美国企业发动战争。
福尔摩斯创立Theranos当她19岁,辍学斯坦福追求大胆的人道主义思想。拥有看似无限的网络肆无忌惮,福尔摩斯吹捧Theranos验血技术突破,可以扫描数以百计的医疗条件只使用几滴鲜血。
11年离开斯坦福大学后,到2015年,福尔摩斯了数亿美元的公司,推动其市场价值90亿美元。一半属于福尔摩斯,她的绰号全球最年轻的白手起家的女亿万富翁30。
不过,仅仅三年后Theranos倒在丑闻。现在站在被判犯有欺诈和共谋的指控,福尔摩斯,37岁,可能面临20年的监禁。
年轻时,福尔摩斯是一个竞争的天才公开渴望做一个巨大的财富。她开始学习普通话导师9岁左右,并说服她进入斯坦福大学夏季课程的语言在她大学二年级在高中。
在她大学二年级,她把余下的学费作为股份,退出了她的公司。
随着Theranos提升,一些认为福尔摩斯是下一个史蒂夫•乔布斯。Theranos最终投资者筹集了逾9亿美元资金,其中包括传媒大亨鲁珀特•默多克(Rupert Murdoch)和沃尔玛的沃尔顿家族。
公司的童话般的成功开始解开2016年,当《华尔街日报》的一系列文章和联邦监管审计发现的模式严重不准确的血液导致Theranos设备上测试运行。
福尔摩斯试验暴露了硅谷的“假直到你让它痛苦的详细地”文化。科技企业家往往过度承诺和夸大,所以检察官面临的挑战证明福尔摩斯的热心拥护了欺诈。
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