It was lockdown in the Indian city of Hyderabad<\/a> when activist S.Q. Masood was stopped on the street by police who asked him to remove his facial mask and then took his picture, giving no reason and ignoring his objections.
Worried about how the photographs would be used, Masood sent a legal notice to the city's police chief. But after receiving no response, he filed suit last month over Telangana<\/a> state's use of facial recognition<\/a> systems - the first such case in India<\/a>.
\"Being Muslim and having worked with minority groups that are frequently targeted by the police, I'm concerned that my photo could be matched wrongly and that I could be harassed,\" Masood, 38, told the Thomson Reuters Foundation.
\"It is also about my right to privacy, and my right to know why my photograph was taken, what it will be used for, who can access it, and how it's protected. Everyone has a right to know this information,\" he said.
Masood's petition in the southern state is seen as a test case as facial recognition systems are deployed nationwide, with digital rights activists saying they infringe privacy and other basic rights.
Facial recognition technology, which is increasingly used for everything from unlocking mobile phones to checking in at airports, uses artificial intelligence (AI) to match live images of a person for verification against a database of images.
The Indian government, which is rolling out an automated facial recognition system nationwide - among the world's largest - has said it is needed to bolster security in a severely under-policed country, to prevent crime and find missing children.
But there is little evidence that the technology reduces crime, critics say.
It also often fails to identify darker-skinned persons and women accurately, and its use is problematic in the absence of a data protection law in India, digital rights activists say.
\"The technology is being rolled out at a very fast pace in India, on the premise that 24\/7 surveillance<\/a> is necessary and good for us,\" said Anushka Jain from the Internet Freedom Foundation (IFF) digital rights group in Delhi.
\"It's important to challenge this notion, and a court case such as this will also help raise public awareness - most people are not even aware they are being surveilled,\" said Jain, associate counsel at IFF, which helped prepare the petition.
Total surveillance<\/strong>
CCTV cameras have become a common sight across the world, with some one billion forecast to be installed by the end of last year.
Alongside Chinese cities, Hyderabad and Delhi also have some of the world's highest concentrations of CCTV cameras, according to website Comparitech.
Telangana state has more than 600,000 cameras - most of them in the capital, Hyderabad - and police can also use an application on their mobile phones and tablets to take photographs and match them on their database.
The state is \"the most surveilled place in the world\", according to research published last year by Amnesty International, IFF and rights group Article 19, with systems deployed by the police, the election commission and others.
Hyderabad, which is home to the Indian offices of several global tech firms including Microsoft, Amazon and IBM, \"is on the brink of becoming a total surveillance city,\" said Matt Mahmoudi, Amnesty's AI and Big Data researcher.
\"It is almost impossible to walk down the street without risking exposure to facial recognition,\" he said.
The rights of Muslims, low-caste Dalits, indigenous Adivasis, transgender people and other historically marginalised groups are at particular risk from such surveillance, activists say, with the systems already being used to police protests.
Masood's lawsuit, which is listed for a hearing later this year, argues that the use of facial recognition in Telangana is \"unconstitutional and illegal\". It says it is unnecessary, disproportionate, and lacks safeguards to prevent misuse.
\"This illegality cannot be cured or justified on the basis of its purported benefits in advancing law enforcement interests - under the guise of providing better policing ... (when) these purported benefits are yet to be proven,\" the petition says.
Hyderabad police say the technology has served as a \"deterrent\" and helped them catch criminals.
\"We don't infringe upon the privacy of any individual, as we are not barging into anybody's house to take pictures,\" said C.V. Anand, Hyderabad's police commissioner.
\"The technology is being used only to keep surveillance on criminals or suspected criminals,\" he told reporters earlier this month in response to the petition.
Losing the fight
<\/strong>
In some parts of the world, there is growing pushback against the use of facial recognition, with companies including Microsoft and Amazon ending or curbing sales of the technology to the police, and the European Union mulling a five-year ban.
In India, resistance from students, municipal workers and minority communities is growing as more services go online and government agencies and companies require personal data and location-tracking apps to undertake everyday tasks.
A planned data protection law gives wide exemptions to government agencies for the purposes of national security.
\"It doesn't talk about surveillance, which gathers data in secret and without consent, and it exempts government use, so it will fail to provide the sort of robust protections that are needed,\" said Jain.
Masood, who is much more aware now of CCTV cameras and police officers taking photographs of residents in Hyderabad, wants others to recognise the dangers of facial recognition.
\"The state has spent so much money on it, yet people have no idea how it works, how it can be misused, and how it abuses their privacy,\" he said.
\"We are losing our fight to protect our privacy every day.\"
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由意大利船级社Chandran
这是锁定在印度城市海德拉巴当活动家S.Q.马苏德被停止在街上被警察要求他删除他的面膜,然后把他的照片,没有理由,不顾他的反对。
担心如何将使用照片,马苏德法律通知发送到城市的警察局长。但没有收到响应,上个月他提起诉讼Telangana国家的使用面部识别系统——的第一例印度。
“穆斯林和与少数民族工作经常有针对性的警察,我担心我的照片可能是匹配错误,我可能是骚扰,“马苏德,38岁,汤森路透基金会。
“这也对我的隐私权,我知道为什么我张照片拍摄,它将用于什么,谁可以访问它,和它是如何保护。每个人都有权知道这一信息,”他说。
马苏德在南部州的请愿书被看作是一个测试用例面部识别系统部署在全国范围内,与数字维权人士说他们侵犯隐私和其他基本权利。
面部识别技术越来越多地用于从解锁手机在机场检查,使用人工智能(AI)来匹配住一个人的图像对图像数据库验证。
印度政府推出一个自动人脸识别系统在全国范围内——世界上最大的已表示,它需要加强安全警力严重不足的国家,为了防止犯罪和寻找失踪的孩子。
但没有证据表明该技术可以减少犯罪,批评人士说。
也常常不能准确识别人和有色人种妇女,和它的使用是有问题的在缺乏数据保护法律在印度,数字维权人士说。
“技术是在印度推出了速度非常快,前提是24/7监测是必要的,对我们有利,”Anushka Jain互联网自由基金会(IFF)数字版权集团在德里。
“挑战这个概念是很重要的,像这样的案件也将有助于提高公众意识,大多数人甚至都没有意识到他们正在监视,”Jain说,敌我识别副顾问,帮助准备请愿书。
总监控
闭路电视摄像头已经成为世界各地随处可见,一些十亿年预测去年年底安装。
与中国城市海德拉巴和德里的浓度也有一些世界上最高的闭路电视摄像头,根据网站Comparitech。
Telangana国家有超过600000摄像头——他们中的大多数在首都,海德拉巴,警察也可以使用一个应用程序在手机和平板电脑拍照和匹配他们的数据库。
状态是“世界上最被监控的地方”,国际特赦组织去年发表的研究称,敌我识别和人权组织第十九条,被警察系统部署,选举委员会和其他人。
海得拉巴,印度办公室的几个全球科技公司包括微软、亚马逊和IBM,”即将成为一个总监测城市,”马特Mahmoudi说,大赦国际的AI和大数据研究。
“这是几乎不可能走在街上没有接触面部识别风险,”他说。
穆斯林的权利,低种姓达利特,土著原住民,变性人和其他历史上被边缘化的群体在特定的风险监测等活动积极分子表示,系统已被用于警察抗议。
马苏德的诉讼,这是今年晚些时候的听证会,列出认为建邦者使用面部识别纳是“违宪的和非法的”。它说它是不必要的,不成比例,缺乏安全措施,以防止误用。
“这违法不能治愈或合理的基础上其所谓的好处在推进执法利益——的幌子下提供更好的警察……(当)这些传说的好处尚未证实,”请愿书说。
海德拉巴警方说,技术已经作为“威慑”,帮助他们抓住罪犯。
“我们不侵犯任何个人的隐私,因为我们不是闯入任何人的房子拍照,“简历阿南德说,海得拉巴的警察局长。
“技术只用于保持监视罪犯或犯罪嫌疑人,”他对记者说,本月早些时候在应对请愿书。
失去了战斗
在世界的一些地区,越来越多的针对使用面部识别,包括微软和亚马逊公司终止或限制销售技术的警察,和欧盟考虑五年的禁令。
在印度,阻力来自学生,市政工人和少数民族社区的增长更多的服务上网和政府机构和公司需要的个人数据和位置跟踪应用程序进行日常工作。
计划数据保护法律给予广泛的豁免政府机构国家安全的目的。
“它不谈论监测、收集数据在秘密,未经同意,它免除政府使用,所以它将无法提供所需保护的可靠,”Jain说。
马苏德,更意识到现在的闭路电视摄像头和警察拍照的居民在海得拉巴,想要别人承认面部识别的危险。
“国家花了那么多钱,然而,人们不知道它是如何工作的,如何被滥用,以及它如何侵犯他们的隐私,”他说。
“我们正在失去我们的战斗来保护我们的隐私。”
这是锁定在印度城市海德拉巴当活动家S.Q.马苏德被停止在街上被警察要求他删除他的面膜,然后把他的照片,没有理由,不顾他的反对。
担心如何将使用照片,马苏德法律通知发送到城市的警察局长。但没有收到响应,上个月他提起诉讼Telangana国家的使用面部识别系统——的第一例印度。
“穆斯林和与少数民族工作经常有针对性的警察,我担心我的照片可能是匹配错误,我可能是骚扰,“马苏德,38岁,汤森路透基金会。
“这也对我的隐私权,我知道为什么我张照片拍摄,它将用于什么,谁可以访问它,和它是如何保护。每个人都有权知道这一信息,”他说。
马苏德在南部州的请愿书被看作是一个测试用例面部识别系统部署在全国范围内,与数字维权人士说他们侵犯隐私和其他基本权利。
面部识别技术越来越多地用于从解锁手机在机场检查,使用人工智能(AI)来匹配住一个人的图像对图像数据库验证。
印度政府推出一个自动人脸识别系统在全国范围内——世界上最大的已表示,它需要加强安全警力严重不足的国家,为了防止犯罪和寻找失踪的孩子。
但没有证据表明该技术可以减少犯罪,批评人士说。
也常常不能准确识别人和有色人种妇女,和它的使用是有问题的在缺乏数据保护法律在印度,数字维权人士说。
“技术是在印度推出了速度非常快,前提是24/7监测是必要的,对我们有利,”Anushka Jain互联网自由基金会(IFF)数字版权集团在德里。
“挑战这个概念是很重要的,像这样的案件也将有助于提高公众意识,大多数人甚至都没有意识到他们正在监视,”Jain说,敌我识别副顾问,帮助准备请愿书。
总监控
闭路电视摄像头已经成为世界各地随处可见,一些十亿年预测去年年底安装。
与中国城市海德拉巴和德里的浓度也有一些世界上最高的闭路电视摄像头,根据网站Comparitech。
Telangana国家有超过600000摄像头——他们中的大多数在首都,海德拉巴,警察也可以使用一个应用程序在手机和平板电脑拍照和匹配他们的数据库。
状态是“世界上最被监控的地方”,国际特赦组织去年发表的研究称,敌我识别和人权组织第十九条,被警察系统部署,选举委员会和其他人。
海得拉巴,印度办公室的几个全球科技公司包括微软、亚马逊和IBM,”即将成为一个总监测城市,”马特Mahmoudi说,大赦国际的AI和大数据研究。
“这是几乎不可能走在街上没有接触面部识别风险,”他说。
穆斯林的权利,低种姓达利特,土著原住民,变性人和其他历史上被边缘化的群体在特定的风险监测等活动积极分子表示,系统已被用于警察抗议。
马苏德的诉讼,这是今年晚些时候的听证会,列出认为建邦者使用面部识别纳是“违宪的和非法的”。它说它是不必要的,不成比例,缺乏安全措施,以防止误用。
“这违法不能治愈或合理的基础上其所谓的好处在推进执法利益——的幌子下提供更好的警察……(当)这些传说的好处尚未证实,”请愿书说。
海德拉巴警方说,技术已经作为“威慑”,帮助他们抓住罪犯。
“我们不侵犯任何个人的隐私,因为我们不是闯入任何人的房子拍照,“简历阿南德说,海得拉巴的警察局长。
“技术只用于保持监视罪犯或犯罪嫌疑人,”他对记者说,本月早些时候在应对请愿书。
失去了战斗
在世界的一些地区,越来越多的针对使用面部识别,包括微软和亚马逊公司终止或限制销售技术的警察,和欧盟考虑五年的禁令。
在印度,阻力来自学生,市政工人和少数民族社区的增长更多的服务上网和政府机构和公司需要的个人数据和位置跟踪应用程序进行日常工作。
计划数据保护法律给予广泛的豁免政府机构国家安全的目的。
“它不谈论监测、收集数据在秘密,未经同意,它免除政府使用,所以它将无法提供所需保护的可靠,”Jain说。
马苏德,更意识到现在的闭路电视摄像头和警察拍照的居民在海得拉巴,想要别人承认面部识别的危险。
“国家花了那么多钱,然而,人们不知道它是如何工作的,如何被滥用,以及它如何侵犯他们的隐私,”他说。
“我们正在失去我们的战斗来保护我们的隐私。”
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