![\"<p>Taiwan](\"\/\/www.iser-br.com\/Themes\/Release\/images\/responsive\/ettelecom-default.jpg\")
By Yimou Lee, Norihiko Shirouzu and David Lague<\/strong>
TAICHUNG: On the front line of the superpower struggle between the United States and China, Taiwan has fashioned a defensive masterstroke. It has become indispensable to both sides.
In dominating the fabrication of the most advanced semiconductors, the giant Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing<\/a> Company Ltd (TSMC<\/a>) has captured a technology that's crucial to the cutting-edge digital devices<\/a> and weapons of today and tomorrow. TSMC accounts for more than 90% of global output of these chips, according to industry estimates.
Both superpowers now find themselves deeply dependent on the small island at the center of their increasingly tense rivalry.
For Washington, allowing an increasingly powerful China to overrun TSMC's foundries in a conflict would threaten U.S. military and technological leadership. However, if Beijing invades, there is no guarantee it could seize the prized foundries intact. They could easily become a casualty of the fighting, severing the supply of chips to China's vast electronics industry. Even if the foundries survived a Chinese takeover, they would almost certainly be cut off from a global supply chain essential to their output.
Both America and China want to break their dependency. Washington has persuaded TSMC to open a U.S. foundry that will make advanced semiconductors and is preparing to spend billions rebuilding its domestic chip-making industry. Beijing, too, is spending big, but its chip industry lags a decade or so behind Taiwan's in many key areas. Analysts say that gap is expected to widen in the years ahead.
So valuable are these foundries to the global economy that some here refer to Taiwan's chip sector as a \"silicon shield\" that deters a Chinese attack and ensures American support.
In an interview, Taiwan Economy Minister Wang Mei-hua told Reuters in September that the industry is deeply intertwined with the island's future.
\"This isn't just about our economic safety,\" she said. \"It appears to be connected to our national security, too.\"
In a later statement, the ministry played down the silicon-shield theory. \"Rather than saying that the chip industry is Taiwan's 'Silicon Shield,'\" the statement said, \"it is more appropriate to say that Taiwan has an important position in the global supply chain.\"
The danger for Taiwan is that TSMC's fabs, as the chip fabrication plants are known, are right in the line of fire.
The foundries are located on the narrow plain along Taiwan's west coast facing China, some 130 kilometers away at the nearest point. Most are close to so-called red beaches, considered by military strategists as likely landing sites for a Chinese invasion. TSMC's headquarters and surrounding cluster of fabs at Hsinchu in northwest Taiwan are just 12 kilometers from the coast.
The industry's vulnerability was on display in July last year, when Taiwan mobilized thousands of troops to fight off a simulated Chinese attack on the west coast industrial city of Taichung, home to TSMC's Gigafab 15, one of the foundries that make cutting-edge chips.
In the counter-invasion exercise, \"enemy\" paratroopers dropped on Ching Chuan Kang air base and captured the control tower, just nine minutes' drive from Gigafab 15. Off the coast, a virtual Chinese invasion flotilla steamed towards the city's beaches. Fighting enveloped Taichung as Taiwanese troops and tanks counterattacked to regain control of the air base; commanders called in airstrikes, missiles and artillery, using live ammunition to pound the \"invasion fleet.\" The invasion was repulsed.
In mocking the exercise scenario, reports in China's state-controlled media reinforced the potential for destruction: Waves of missile strikes would destroy the island's forces before a Chinese landing, they said.
China's defense ministry and the Taiwan Affairs Office didn't respond to questions for this story.
Asked about the threat to the island's fabrication plants, the Taiwan economy ministry said that in \"the past 50 years, China has never given up trying to use force to control Taiwan, but its aim is not the semiconductor industry.\" Taiwan, it added, had the ability to \"face and manage this risk.\"
TSMC did not answer specific questions about the exposure of its foundries. In a statement, it emphasized that the chip industry is global and relies on design, raw materials, equipment and other services from several regions and many specialized companies. \"Therefore, rather than one company or one region, global collaboration is vital for semiconductor industry success,\" the company said.
AMERICAN ANXIETY<\/strong>
As China ratchets up its military intimidation of Taiwan, Washington is signaling anxiety over U.S. chip dependency.
\"The big concern in Washington is the possibility of Beijing gaining control of Taiwan's semiconductor capacity,\" said Martijn Rasser, a former senior intelligence officer and analyst at the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency. \"It would be a devastating blow for the American economy and the ability of the U.S. military to field its (weapon) platforms,\" said Rasser, now a senior fellow at the Center for a New American Security.
In one of the Biden administration's clearest statements on the need to resist a Chinese attack on Taiwan, a top Pentagon official told the Senate Foreign Relations Committee https:\/\/www.foreign.senate.gov\/imo\/media\/doc\/120821_Ratner_Testimony1.pdf on Dec. 8 that the island's semiconductors were a key reason why Taiwan's security was \"so important to the United States.\"
A spokesperson for the White House National Security Council had no comment on the chip vulnerability, but said Washington \"would regard any effort to determine the future of Taiwan by other than peaceful means a threat to the peace and security of the Western Pacific.\"
Taiwan's chip supremacy, while clearly a strategic advantage, might not be enough to deter China from trying to take the island by force, some warn.
The deep economic interdependence among the nations of Europe failed to prevent war in 1914, said retired U.S. Marine Corps Lieutenant General Wallace Gregson, a former assistant secretary of defense in the Obama administration. While the semiconductor industry is \"thoroughly beneficial\" to the island's security, Gregson said, it's questionable whether this would prevent conflict once the \"dogs of war get loose.\"
What's more, he added, Chinese President Xi Jinping has staked his legacy on bringing Taiwan under Beijing's control. \"He can't be seen to compromise, much less back down,\" Gregson said. \"He is tied to this achievement.\"
At risk for China and America is access to chips that power almost all advanced military and civilian technologies, including mobile phones and the medical diagnostic and research tools that have been invaluable in fighting the COVID-19 pandemic.
The most advanced chips, which are critical in the U.S.-China arms race, are those described as 10 nanometers or below - the sector dominated by Taiwan. These tiny devices pack billions of electronic components https:\/\/www.semiconductors.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/BCG-x-SIA-Strengthening-the-Global-Semiconductor-Value-Chain-April-2021_1.pdf in an area as small as a few square millimeters.
A major U.S. worry is losing ground in the race to use artificial intelligence in weaponry. AI enables machines to outperform humans at solving problems and making decisions. It is expected to revolutionize warfare, and it hinges on semiconductors.
In a March report to Congress, the bi-partisan National Security Commission on Artificial Intelligence warned https:\/\/www.nscai.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Full-Report-Digital-1.pdf that the threat to TSMC exposed a glaring vulnerability. Taiwan produced the \"vast majority of cutting-edge chips\" a short distance from America's \"principal strategic competitor,\" the report said. \"If a potential adversary bests the United States in semiconductors over the long term or suddenly cuts off U.S. access to cutting-edge chips entirely, it could gain the upper hand in every domain of warfare.\"
Much is at stake for Beijing, too. The loss of chips from Taiwan would crush Chinese industry. China accounts for 60% of world semiconductor demand, according to an October 2020 report from the Congressional Research Service. More than 90% of semiconductors used in China are imported or manufactured locally by foreign suppliers, the report said.
Taiwan is a critical supplier. In the first quarter this year, nearly half of Taiwan's exports to China, the island's largest trading partner, were semiconductors - a 33% increase from the same period last year, according to data from the island's economy ministry.
The global chip shortage caused by supply disruptions amid the COVID-19 pandemic is giving a foretaste of the havoc a Taiwan conflict would wreak. The loss of a single year's output from Taiwan would bring the international<\/a> electronic supply chain to a halt, according to an April report from Boston Consulting Group and the Semiconductor Industry Association, the lobby for the U.S. industry.
The contours of this silicon standoff, with both China and America dependent on Taiwan, began taking shape decades ago as a consequence of U.S. and Taiwanese policy choices. The U.S. semiconductor sector remains dominant in many ways, through its leadership in research, development and design. It accounts for almost half of revenues in a global industry worth an estimated $452 billion this year. But America has largely outsourced manufacturing of advanced chips, mostly to Taiwan.
BREAKFAST BREAKTHROUGH<\/strong>
Taiwan's rise as chip power dates back to a breakfast in early 1974 at a downtown Taipei eatery known for its soy milk and steam buns, according to an account by the island's Industrial Technology Research Institute.
A Chinese-born executive from a leading U.S. tech company, Radio Corporation of America, discussed a bold idea with Taiwanese officials: Build a semiconductor industry from scratch on the island. Taipei struck a tech-transfer agreement with RCA and sent engineers to work there.
\"Back then, no one knew these technologies would become so important,\" said Chen Liang-gee, who served as Taiwan's Science and Technology Minister until May 2020.
In 1985, Chinese-born engineer Morris Chang, a 25-year veteran of another U.S. semiconductor power, Texas Instruments Inc, was recruited to head technology development in Taiwan. In 1987, Chang founded TSMC with the government as the major shareholder.
Chang made a decision that reshaped the global industry: He decided that TSMC would be a pure foundry, making chips for other companies. Orders poured in from Western makers who wanted to focus on design and cut costs.
Today, TSMC has the eleventh-highest market capitalization of any listed business. This year, it plans to outlay about $30 billion in capital investment, dwarfing Taiwan's $16 billion defense budget.
In a speech in Taipei in April, Chang likened Taiwan's chip industry to a \"holy mountain range protecting the country,\" a phrase popular in Taiwan that is used to describe TSMC's pivotal role in the island's economy. \"I used it to make my point that it would be very difficult for Taiwan to create another company with TSMC's influence,\" Chang told Reuters.
Taiwan now accounts for 92% of the world's most advanced semiconductor manufacturing<\/a> capacity, according to the April report from Boston Consulting and the Semiconductor Industry Association. South Korea holds the remaining 8%.
THE CHALLENGE FOR CHINA<\/strong>
Early on, Taiwan protected this crown jewel. In the late 1990s, then-President Lee Teng-hui imposed curbs on the island's high-tech companies doing business in China to ensure they didn't offshore their best technology. The restrictions have been relaxed, but TSMC and its peers remain barred from building their most advanced foundries in China.
\"Looking back now, the industry supply chain could have been entirely moved there,\" said Chen, the former Taiwan tech minister.
Under Xi, China has set a goal of self-sufficiency in manufacturing advanced chips - what some have dubbed the \"great semiconductor leap forward.\" The Taiwanse curbs aren't the only obstacle to Xi's vision. Also at play are two other factors: a U.S.-led effort to limit tech transfers to China, and the sheer complexity of fabricating advanced semiconductors.
America and its allies have for decades imposed chip technology barriers on China, mostly aimed at curbing Beijing's development of advanced weaponry. The United States maintains a list of specific chip technology that requires a license for export, and restricts tech exports to China's leading chipmaker, Semiconductor Manufacturing International Corporation. SMIC did not respond to questions from Reuters.
The controls on SMIC are tailored to block items needed to produce advanced chips of 10 nanometers or smaller. So far, China mostly produces lower-end chips for consumer electronics.
A key tool in this containment strategy: the Wassenaar Arrangement, a voluntary pact among 42 nations to curb the spread of \"dual-use\" technology, with both commercial and military applications. Under Wassenaar, Washington and its allies have harmonized controls over the flow of chip technology to China.
The most significant restriction is on equipment that uses extreme ultraviolet (EUV) light beams. This light is generated by lasers and focused by mirrors to lay out ultra-thin circuits on silicon wafers. EUV is at the bleeding edge of semiconductor manufacturing. It allows chipmakers to build faster and more powerful microprocessors and memory chips.
According to Kevin Wolf, a former assistant secretary of commerce in the Obama administration, the EUV curbs are aimed at blocking China's effort to produce 5 nanometer chips - today's state of the art - or even more advanced semiconductors now under development.
For China's economic planners, semiconductor independence is a top priority. The aim is what's known as a \"closed loop,\" analysts say, with domestic companies responsible for the entire sector: raw materials, research, chip design, manufacturing and packaging.
This is a huge challenge for any economy because the existing global supply chain for chips is so complex - involving hundreds of materials and chemicals, more than 50 types of high-tech equipment, and thousands of suppliers across Europe, North America and Asia.
A Biden administration review of U.S. supply-chain vulnerability reported in June that Beijing was directing $100 billion in subsidies to its chip industry, including the development of 60 new plants. Some of this spending has already led to huge losses, however, with a spate of bankruptcies, loan defaults and abandoned projects.
Even if China were able to acquire foreign technology and direct money into better-run projects, there's no guarantee it would succeed in advanced chips, say U.S., Japanese, Dutch and Taiwanese semiconductor industry veterans.
Advanced chip making is among the most complex manufacturing processes yet devised, they say. Fabricating chips takes three to four months and over a thousand manufacturing processes. It must be done in a pristine environment and requires precision equipment that manipulates particles on sub-atomic levels.
China also faces a talent gap. It has recruited engineers and technicians from Taiwan, South Korea and America. But these efforts have yet to deliver major breakthroughs. Companies like TSMC have huge teams of specialists for a vast array of processes. Poaching individual experts can only deliver gains in niches of the craft, industry executives say.
These elite professionals are the most important asset of Taiwan's chip industry, says retired navy Captain Chang Ching, a research fellow at the Taipei-based Society for Strategic Studies. \"If it invades Taiwan, the Communist army will do its best to protect the personnel working in the tech sector,\" he said.
Having relinquished chip fabrication to Taiwan, America is now trying to reverse that move. The U.S. AI commission called for the government to spend $35 billion in incentives to rebuild a chip manufacturing industry.
But Taiwan says it has no intention of surrendering primacy.
TSMC has begun trial production of what will be its most advanced chip, using so-called 3-nanometer technology. And it has launched an R&D drive to make 2-nanometer chips.
Between now and 2025, local and foreign companies plan to invest more than T$3 trillion ($108 billion) in Taiwan's chip industry, according to Kung Ming-hsin, head of the island's economic planning agency, the National Development Council.
After this splurge on factories and equipment, Kung said, \"Taiwan's semiconductor industry will have very few competitors.\"
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台湾芯片行业出现在美国前线中美摊牌
主要制造最先进的半导体,巨大的台湾半导体制造有限公司(台积电)捕获技术至关重要的尖端数码设备和武器的今天和明天。台积电占全球产出的90%以上的芯片,据业内估计。
读到
最初是由张艺谋Lee和大卫瘟疫周
台中:前线的超级大国美国和中国之间的斗争,台湾塑造了一个防御性的主线。它已成为不可或缺的两边。
主要制造最先进的半导体,巨人台湾积体电路制造股份有限公司有限公司(台积电)捕获技术的尖端数码的关键设备和武器的今天和明天。台积电占全球产出的90%以上的芯片,据业内估计。
这两个超级大国现在发现自己深深依赖于小岛的中心日益紧张的竞争。
华盛顿,允许一个日益强大的中国泛滥台积电的铸造厂冲突会威胁美国的军事和技术领导。然而,如果北京侵入,并不能保证它能抓住珍贵的铸造厂完好无损。他们很容易成为斗争的牺牲品,切断供应的芯片在中国庞大的电子行业。即使铸造厂幸存下来,被中国公司收购,他们几乎肯定会被切断从全球供应链的关键输出。
美国和中国想要打破他们的依赖性。华盛顿已经说服台积电打开美国铸造,使先进的半导体和正准备花费数十亿重建国内芯片制造产业。北京,开支大,但其芯片行业十年左右落后台湾在许多关键领域。分析人士说,这一差距将扩大在未来几年。
那么这些铸造厂对全球经济是有价值的,一些是指台湾的芯片行业“硅盾”,阻止中国的攻击,并确保美国的支持。
在一次采访中,台湾经济部长王美花9月对路透表示,该行业是未来和岛上的深深交织在一起。
“这不仅仅是我们的经济安全,”她说。“这似乎是连接到我们的国家安全,也是。”
在随后的声明中,淡化了silicon-shield理论。”,而不是说芯片产业是台湾的硅保护,”声明说,“这是更适当的说,台湾在全球供应链的一个重要地位。”
台湾面临的危险是,台积电的晶圆厂,随着芯片制造工厂,在火线是正确的。
铸造厂位于狭窄的平原在台湾西海岸面对中国,在最近的点约130公里。最接近所谓的红海滩,军事战略家认为作为中国入侵可能的着陆地点。台积电的总部和周围的晶圆厂在西北台湾新竹只是12公里的海岸。
该行业的漏洞是在去年7月,当台湾动员成千上万的军队对抗模拟中国攻击美国西海岸台中市的工业城市,台积电Gigafab 15日的铸造厂,使先进的芯片之一。
counter-invasion运动,“敌人”伞兵掉在京川康空军基地和捕获控制塔,仅仅9 Gigafab 15分钟的车程。中国海岸,一个虚拟入侵舰队蒸对这座城市的海滩。战斗包膜台中,台湾军队和坦克进行反击,夺回控制权的空军基地;指挥官在空袭、导弹和火炮,使用实弹磅“入侵舰队。”The invasion was repulsed.
在模拟练习的场景中,中国官方媒体的报道加强潜在的破坏:一波又一波的导弹袭击会破坏岛上的力量在中国降落之前,他们说。
中国国防部和国务院台湾事务办公室没有回复问题这个故事。
被问及威胁台湾的晶圆厂,台湾经济部表示,在“过去的50年中,中国从未放弃试图使用武力控制台湾,但其目的不是半导体行业。”Taiwan, it added, had the ability to "face and manage this risk."
台积电没有回答特定的问题暴露的铸造厂。在一份声明中,它强调,芯片行业是全球的,依赖于设计、原材料、设备和其他服务的几个地区和许多专业公司。“因此,而不是一个公司或一个地区,全球半导体行业协作是至关重要的成功,”该公司表示。
美国的焦虑
随着中国加大军事恐吓台湾之际,华盛顿是美国芯片信号担忧依赖。
“华盛顿的大问题是北京的可能性控制台湾半导体的能力,“卡坦说拉,一位前高级情报官员和美国中央情报局(Central intelligence Agency)的分析师。“这将是一个毁灭性的打击对美国经济和美国军方的字段(武器)平台,”拉说,现在一个新美国安全中心的高级研究员。
拜登在一个政府的最清晰的语句需要抵制中国进攻台湾,五角大楼的高级官员告诉https://www.foreign.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/120821_Ratner_Testimony1.pdf参议院外交关系委员会12月8日,台湾半导体是台湾的安全的一个关键原因是“对美国如此重要。”
白宫国家安全委员会发言人对此不予置评芯片的弱点,但他说华盛顿”将把任何努力来确定未来的台湾非和平手段威胁到西太平洋的和平与安全。”
台湾的芯片霸权,而明显的战略优势,可能不足以阻止中国试图以武力夺取该岛,一些警告。
深层的欧洲国家之间的经济相互依存未能阻止战争,1914年退休的美国海军陆战队中将华莱士说练习刀功前助理国防部长在奥巴马政府。在半导体行业“彻底有益”台湾的安全、练习刀功说,这很让人怀疑是否这将防止冲突一旦战争“狗松脱。”
更重要的是,他补充说,中国国家主席习近平已经祭出了他将台湾在北京的控制之下。“他不可能见过妥协,要少得多,”练习刀功说。“他与这一成就。”
中国和美国的风险是访问芯片功率几乎所有先进的军用和民用技术,包括手机和医学诊断和研究工具,在对抗COVID-19无价的大流行。
最先进的芯片,这在美国是至关重要的中美军备竞赛,这些被描述为10纳米以下——该行业由台湾。这些小设备包数十亿的电子组件https://www.semiconductors.org/wp content/uploads/2021/05/bcg - x -新航-强化- -全球半导体-价值-链- 4月- 2021 _1.pdf面积尽可能小几平方毫米。
美国主要担心的是在比赛中失利使用人工智能武器。AI使机器能够超越人类在解决问题和决策。它将彻底改变战争,它取决于半导体。
在3月的一份报告中向国会两党国家安全委员会在人工智能警告https://www.nscai.gov/wp - content/uploads/2021/03/full报告-数字- 1. - pdf,台积电的威胁暴露一个明显的漏洞。台湾生产尖端芯片“绝大多数”距离美国的“主要战略竞争对手,”报告说。“如果一个潜在的对手击败美国半导体长期或突然切断了美国获得完全尖端芯片,它可以在每个域的战争中占上风。”
对中国政府而言,是一场生死攸关的。来自台湾的芯片会摧毁中国的损失。中国占全球半导体需求的60%,根据2020年10月从美国国会研究服务报告。超过90%的半导体在中国使用由外国供应商导入或在本地制造的,该报告称。
台湾是一个重要的供应商。今年第一季度,将近一半的台湾出口到中国,台湾最大的贸易伙伴,是半导体——比去年同期增长了33%,根据台湾经济部的数据。
全球芯片短缺造成的供应中断在COVID-19流行给台湾冲突将带来大浩劫的一个预兆。一年的损失来自台湾将输出国际电子供应链中断,根据4月报告来自波士顿咨询集团和半导体行业协会游说美国工业。
轮廓的硅对峙,中国和美国都依赖于台湾,开始成形几十年前美国和台湾的政策选择的结果。美国半导体行业在许多方面仍然占据主导地位,通过其领导研究、开发和设计。它占了几乎一半的收入在全球行业今年价值估计有4520亿美元。但美国主要外包制造先进的芯片,主要是台湾。
早餐的突破
台湾作为芯片的力量可以追溯到一个早餐在1974年初在台北市区餐馆而闻名的豆奶,蒸馒头,据台湾工业技术研究院。
华裔高管从领先的美国科技公司,美国无线电公司,与台湾官员讨论了一个大胆的想法:岛上从头构建一个半导体行业。台北和美国广播公司达成了一项技术转让协议和派遣工程师工作。
”当时,没有人知道这些技术将成为如此重要,“陈Liang-gee说,曾担任台湾科技部长,直到2020年5月。
张忠谋在1985年,中国工程师,另一个美国的25年的资深半导体功率,德州仪器公司,招募技术开发在台湾。1987年,张台积电与政府成立的主要股东。
常做了一个决定,重塑了全球工业:他决定,台积电将是一个纯粹的铸造,为其他公司生产芯片。订单源源不断从西方制造商想专注于设计和削减成本。
今天,台积电eleventh-highest市值的上市业务。今年,它计划支出约300亿美元的资本投资,台湾160亿美元的国防预算相形见绌。
4月在台北的一次演讲中,常将台湾芯片行业比作“神圣山脉保护国家,”这句话在台湾流行的用于描述,台积电在台湾经济的关键作用。“我用它来做我的观点,它将是非常困难的,为台湾创造另一个公司与台积电的影响,“常告诉路透。
台湾现在占92%的世界上最先进的半导体制造能力,根据4月报告来自波士顿咨询和半导体行业协会。韩国持有剩下的8%。
中国面临的挑战
在早期,台湾保护这皇冠上的宝石。在1990年代末,时任总统李登辉强加限制台湾的高科技公司在中国开展业务,以确保他们没有离岸他们最好的技术。限制的放松,但是台积电和同行保持禁止在中国发展最先进的铸造厂。
“现在回想起来,该行业的供应链可能是完全搬到那里,”陈先生说,前台湾科技部长。
习下,中国已经制定了一个目标自给自足生产先进的芯片——有些人称之为““大半导体飞跃。”The Taiwanse curbs aren't the only obstacle to Xi's vision. Also at play are two other factors: a U.S.-led effort to limit tech transfers to China, and the sheer complexity of fabricating advanced semiconductors.
美国及其盟友几十年来对中国施加芯片技术壁垒,主要旨在遏制中国的先进武器的发展。美国保持一个特定的芯片技术列表,需要出口许可证,和限制技术出口到中国领先的芯片制造商中芯国际公司。中芯国际没有回应记者的提问。
控制在中芯国际针对街区项目所需生产先进10纳米或更小的芯片。到目前为止,中国主要生产低端消费电子芯片。
这种控制策略的一个关键工具:Wassenaar安排,自愿协议在42个国家遏制“两用”技术的传播,与商业和军事应用。Wassenaar之下,华盛顿及其盟友协调控制芯片技术流向中国。
最重要的限制是对设备使用极端的紫外线光束(EUV)。这个灯是由激光和集中镜子超薄硅晶片上电路。EUV在半导体制造的最前沿。它允许芯片制造商建立更快和更强大的微处理器和内存芯片。
根据凯文·沃尔夫,前商务部部长助理在奥巴马政府的EUV限制旨在阻止中国的努力产生5纳米芯片——今天的艺术状态——或者更先进的半导体现在正在开发。
对中国的经济规划者、半导体独立是首要任务。目的是所谓的“闭环”,分析人士说,与国内公司负责整个行业:原材料、研究、芯片设计、制造和包装。
对任何经济,因为这是一个巨大的挑战现有的芯片全球供应链非常复杂,涉及到数百个材料和化学物质,50多个类型的高科技设备,和成千上万的供应商在欧洲,北美和亚洲。
美国供应链脆弱性的拜登管理评审报告,北京6月将1000亿美元补贴自己的芯片产业时,包括60新工厂的发展。一些这方面的支出已经导致了巨大的损失,然而,大量破产,贷款违约和废弃的项目。
即使中国能够获得外国技术和直接资金投入经营项目,没有保证会成功先进的芯片,说美国、日本、荷兰和台湾半导体产业的退伍军人。
先进的芯片制造是其中最复杂的生产流程设计,他们说。制造芯片需要三到四个月,超过一千的制造过程。它必须在原始环境中,需要进行精密设备操纵粒子在亚原子水平。
中国也面临着人才缺口。它已经招募了来自台湾的工程师和技术人员,韩国和美国。但这些努力还没有实现重大突破。台积电等公司有巨大的专家团队大量的过程。偷猎个别专家只能在利基市场带来收益的工艺,业内高管表示。
这些精英专业人士台湾芯片行业的最重要的资产,退了休的海军上校Chang Ching说,台北战略研究学会的研究员。“如果它入侵台湾,共产党军队将尽力保护工作人员在科技领域,”他说。
放弃对台湾芯片制造,美国现在试图扭转这一举措。美国人工智能委员会呼吁政府花费350亿美元的激励措施来重建一个芯片制造业。
但是台湾表示,无意放弃主导地位。
台积电已经开始试生产的将其最先进的芯片,使用所谓的3毫微米技术。它启动了一个研发制造2-nanometer芯片。
从现在到2025年,当地和外国公司计划投资逾3万亿元新台币(合1080亿美元)的台湾芯片行业,根据宫保Ming-hsin,岛上的经济规划机构国家发展委员会。
这挥霍在工厂和设备后,龚说,“台湾半导体产业将有很少的竞争对手。”
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