独家
时间和同步是5G的关键
(品牌联通计划)
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电信日记:2023年将成为BSNL的分水岭吗?
在BSNL计划推出4G服务时，包括Reliance Jio和Airtel在内的私营企业已经在选定的城市推出了5G服务。随着第三家私营运营商沃达丰Idea苦苦挣扎，这是BSNL介入并为客户提供高质量数据服务以夺回失去的市场份额的正确机会。印度国家电信公司的4G项目已经推迟了3年。
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同步是通信系统中最关键的功能之一。移动网络的定时和同步标准可以防止信息相互干扰，并实现平稳的蜂窝到蜂窝传输。增加了严格的定时和同步要求5克正在被指数级的更快的速度、更低的延迟和更高的密度所驱动。
为了尽可能有效地利用可用频谱，5 g技术引入了时分双工(TDD)环境。在5G的背景下，特别是对于TDD——上行链路和下行链路传输都在同一频率上，干扰的可能性要大得多。因此，我们看到TDD LTE和5G-NR对时序和同步的要求更加严格。运营商需要大量频谱来提供5G的增强型移动宽带(eMBB)用例，这远远超过LTE网络通常可用的5至20MHz。此外，大多数可用的5G宽带频谱都是c波段或毫米波，仅支持TDD。这意味着TDD是启用eMBB服务的关键因素。
同步的意义
同步的复杂性
由于上行链路(UL) /下行链路(DL)帧缺乏同步进一步加剧了干扰问题，行业标准对LTE和5G新无线电(NR) TDD传输提出了严格的限制。在频分双工(FDD) LTE环境中，绝对时间同步裕度为10µs，而在TDD无线电环境中，绝对时间同步裕度仅为1.5µs。
除了绝对时间误差范围之外，另一个需要考虑的问题是高级无线电功能的空中同步需求管理。这些服务包括MIMO、eCIC、COMP和基于位置的服务。在5G中，我们正在从同步前传CPRI转向基于分组的前传。虽然这种方法提供了许多优点，但基于数据包的前传为同步带来了复杂性。根据网络的拓扑结构和配置，服务提供者需要不同的方法。在大多数情况下，我们期望看到精确定时协议(PTP)用于分配每天的时间(ToD)，以及同步以太网(SyncE)用于分配频率。这意味着无线电单元(RU)将通过以太网同步。
电信服务提供商可以实现各种方法来满足这些严格的阶段和时间同步要求。其目的是确保所有节点与主参考时间时钟(PRTC)源同步。但是，源的位置可能会根据网络拓扑结构、成本和应用而有所不同。通过使用与卫星源同步的grandmaster时钟以及边界时钟和从时钟的组合，网络节点可以对齐到公共的时间和相位。对于不能坚持全天候支持的网络，例如不支持PTP的网络，还有其他选择。例如，网络运营商可以在适当考虑网络拓扑结构和成本的情况下实现辅助部分定时支持。
重要的是要考虑帧和槽同步的用例。5G 3GPP标准定义了56种槽格式，每种格式都是一个槽内下行/灵活/上行符号的预定义模式。这些格式允许在5G节点B (gNB)上支持的应用程序方面具有灵活性。然而，如果两个提供不同类型服务的网络相邻，这也会带来挑战。即使它们及时同步，但它们的槽格式不同步，也会产生干扰。从本质上讲，当在TDD环境中运行5G或4G LTE网络时，我们不仅需要频率和相位同步，还需要帧和插槽同步。这样可以避免网络间的干扰。
时间和同步——关键5G-NR TDD网络成功
同步技术是所有无线通信网络的基本组成部分。3G和4G蜂窝技术都需要频率同步，主要是为了防止蜂窝重叠时的干扰。但是，随着5G技术的引入，我们在TDD阶段和帧同步方面达到了一个新的水平。验证测试对于满足更严格的同步要求、确保符合行业标准和确认服务质量至关重要。www.viavisolutions.com/india．
(Kashif Hussain是无线解决方案总监，VIAVI解决方案）
![\"Timing](\"https:\/\/st.etb2bimg.com\/Themes\/Release\/images\/responsive\/ettelecom-default.jpg\")
<\/figure>By Kashif Hussain<\/strong>
Synchronization is one of the most critical functions of a communication system. Timing and synchronization standards for mobile networks prevent messages from interfering with one another and enable smooth cell-to-cell transfers. The increased stringency of timing and synchronization requirements for 5G<\/a> is being driven by exponentially faster speeds, lower latency, and increased densification.
To use the available spectrum as efficiently as possible, 5G technology<\/a> introduces a time-division duplex (TDD) environment. In the context of 5G, especially for TDD - where both uplink and downlink transmission is on the same frequency, the possibility of interference is much more significant. As a result, we see more exacting requirements for timing and synchronization for both TDD LTE and 5G-NR. Operators need large amounts of spectrum to deliver on the enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB) use case of 5G, amounts much greater than the 5 to 20MHz that is generally available for LTE networks. Further, most of the available wideband 5G spectrum is either in the C-Band or mmWave, which only supports TDD. This means that TDD is a key factor in enabling eMBB services.
Significance of Synchronization<\/strong>
<\/div><\/div>It is important to discuss the relevance of synchronization in a communication network\u2014especially a radio communication network. If the radio clock loses synchronization accuracy or the radios are not synchronized in a TDD channel, TDD framing will drift outside the guard period and interfere with adjacent cell sites. The less accurate the clock source, the higher the probability for time shifts which ultimately bring performance and interference challenges.
Intricacies in Synchronization<\/strong>
Because a lack of synchronization in uplink (UL) \/ downlink (DL) frames further intensifies interference problems, industry standards introduce stringent restrictions on LTE and 5G new radio (NR) TDD transmission. While the absolute time synchronization margin in a frequency division duplex (FDD) LTE environment is in the magnitude of 10\u00b5s, in a TDD radio environment it is restricted to just 1.5\u00b5s.
<\/figure>
In addition to the absolute time error margin, another consideration is the management of over-the-air synchronization requirements for advanced radio features. These include MIMO, eCIC, COMP, and location-based services. In 5G, we are moving away from a synchronized fronthaul CPRI to a packet-based fronthaul. While this approach offers a number of advantages, packet-based fronthaul introduces complexities for synchronization. Service providers need different approaches depending on the topology and configuration of their networks. In most cases, we expect to see precision timing protocol (PTP) for distributing time of day (ToD), and Synchronized Ethernet<\/a> (SyncE) for distributing frequency. This means that radio units (RU) will be synchronized over Ethernet.
Intricacies in Synchronization<\/strong>
Because a lack of synchronization in uplink (UL) \/ downlink (DL) frames further intensifies interference problems, industry standards introduce stringent restrictions on LTE and 5G new radio (NR) TDD transmission. While the absolute time synchronization margin in a frequency division duplex (FDD) LTE environment is in the magnitude of 10\u00b5s, in a TDD radio environment it is restricted to just 1.5\u00b5s.
<\/figure>In addition to the absolute time error margin, another consideration is the management of over-the-air synchronization requirements for advanced radio features. These include MIMO, eCIC, COMP, and location-based services. In 5G, we are moving away from a synchronized fronthaul CPRI to a packet-based fronthaul. While this approach offers a number of advantages, packet-based fronthaul introduces complexities for synchronization. Service providers need different approaches depending on the topology and configuration of their networks. In most cases, we expect to see precision timing protocol (PTP) for distributing time of day (ToD), and Synchronized Ethernet<\/a> (SyncE) for distributing frequency. This means that radio units (RU) will be synchronized over Ethernet.
<\/div><\/div>Synchronization Requirements<\/strong>
Telecom service providers can implement various methods to meet these stringent phases and time synchronization requirements. The intent is to ensure synchronization of all nodes to the primary reference time clock (PRTC) source. However, the location of the source may vary depending on the network topology, cost and application. By using a grandmaster clock synced to a satellite source and a combination of boundary clock and slave clocks, network nodes can be aligned to a common time and phase. For networks that cannot adhere to full-timing support, such as networks that are not PTP aware, there are other options. For example, network operators can implement assisted partial timing support with appropriate consideration for the network topology and cost.
It is important to consider the use cases for the frame and slot synchronization. 5G 3GPP standards defined 56 slot formats, each of which is a predefined pattern of downlink\/flexible\/uplink symbols during one slot. These formats allow flexibility in terms of the application supported on a 5G node B (gNB). Yet, this also creates a challenge if two networks offering different types of service are located next to each other. Interference can result even if they are synchronized in time, but their slot formats are not synchronized. Essentially, when operating a 5G or 4G LTE network in a TDD environment, we not only need frequency and phase synchronization but also frame and slot synchronization. This avoids inter-network interference.
Timing and Synchronization - Essential<\/a> for 5G-NR TDD Network Success<\/strong>
Synchronization Technology is a fundamental building block for all wireless communication networks. Both 3G and 4G cellular technology required frequency synchronization, primarily to prevent interference when cells overlap. But, with the introduction of 5G technology, we\u2019ve reached a new level in terms of TDD phase and frame synchronization. Validation testing is essential to meet stricter synchronization requirements, ensure conformance to industry standards and affirm the quality of service. www.viavisolutions.com\/india<\/a>.
(Kashif Hussain is Wireless Solutions Director, VIAVI Solutions<\/a>)<\/em>
<\/div><\/div>
Telecom service providers can implement various methods to meet these stringent phases and time synchronization requirements. The intent is to ensure synchronization of all nodes to the primary reference time clock (PRTC) source. However, the location of the source may vary depending on the network topology, cost and application. By using a grandmaster clock synced to a satellite source and a combination of boundary clock and slave clocks, network nodes can be aligned to a common time and phase. For networks that cannot adhere to full-timing support, such as networks that are not PTP aware, there are other options. For example, network operators can implement assisted partial timing support with appropriate consideration for the network topology and cost.
It is important to consider the use cases for the frame and slot synchronization. 5G 3GPP standards defined 56 slot formats, each of which is a predefined pattern of downlink\/flexible\/uplink symbols during one slot. These formats allow flexibility in terms of the application supported on a 5G node B (gNB). Yet, this also creates a challenge if two networks offering different types of service are located next to each other. Interference can result even if they are synchronized in time, but their slot formats are not synchronized. Essentially, when operating a 5G or 4G LTE network in a TDD environment, we not only need frequency and phase synchronization but also frame and slot synchronization. This avoids inter-network interference.
Timing and Synchronization - Essential<\/a> for 5G-NR TDD Network Success<\/strong>
Synchronization Technology is a fundamental building block for all wireless communication networks. Both 3G and 4G cellular technology required frequency synchronization, primarily to prevent interference when cells overlap. But, with the introduction of 5G technology, we\u2019ve reached a new level in terms of TDD phase and frame synchronization. Validation testing is essential to meet stricter synchronization requirements, ensure conformance to industry standards and affirm the quality of service. www.viavisolutions.com\/india<\/a>.
(Kashif Hussain is Wireless Solutions Director, VIAVI Solutions<\/a>)<\/em>
<\/div><\/div>
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There are already enquiries for its offerings, he added.","seolocation":"telecomnews\/tata-group-has-no-plans-to-enter-5g-consumer-space-says-n-chandrasekaran","seolocationalt":"Tata Group has no plans to enter 5G consumer space, says N Chandrasekaran","url_seo":"tata-group-has-no-plans-to-enter-5g-consumer-space-says-n-chandrasekaran"},{"msid":"94798486","stname":"EU regulators group against big tech paying for telco infrastructure","artsyn":"The findings by the Body of European Regulators for Electronic Communications (BEREC) come as the European Commission is debating whether internet platforms should be obliged to fund digital infrastructure such as 5G telecoms networks, given they make heavy use of it.","seolocation":"telecomnews\/eu-regulators-group-against-big-tech-paying-for-telco-infrastructure","seolocationalt":"EU regulators group against big tech paying for telco infrastructure","url_seo":"eu-regulators-group-against-big-tech-paying-for-telco-infrastructure"},{"msid":"94764441","stname":"5G download speeds in India reach 500Mbps on test networks: Ookla","artsyn":"Ookla\u2019s analysis showed that Jio\u2019s 5G performance depends on the spectrum band it uses. 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Huawei has participated in building 5G networks in most Gulf states despite the U.S. concerns.","seolocation":"telecomnews\/saudi-arabia-signs-huawei-deal-deepening-china-ties-on-xi-visit","seolocationalt":"Saudi Arabia signs Huawei deal, deepening China ties on Xi visit","url_seo":"saudi-arabia-signs-huawei-deal-deepening-china-ties-on-xi-visit"},"95964375":{"msid":"95964375","stname":"Telecom Diary: Delay in govt acquiring Vodafone Idea stake impacting fund-raising plans","artsyn":"It\u2019s been almost a year since Vodafone Idea\u2019s board approved conversion of the full amount of interest at around Rs 16,000 crore on deferred spectrum and adjusted gross revenue dues into equity, making the government single-largest shareholder with 35.8 per cent stake. However, the hold up by the government has created a stalemate impacting the fundraising plans of Vodafone Idea.","seolocation":"telecomnews\/telecom-diary-delay-in-govt-acquiring-vodafone-idea-stake-impacting-fund-raising-plans","seolocationalt":"Telecom Diary: Delay in govt acquiring Vodafone Idea stake impacting fund-raising plans","url_seo":"telecom-diary-delay-in-govt-acquiring-vodafone-idea-stake-impacting-fund-raising-plans"},"95910875":{"msid":"95910875","stname":"Telcos' hiring activity getting more aggressive amid 5G roll outs","artsyn":"\"The telecom industry is looking at a massive uptick in hiring during the last quarter of 2022. Companies are bracing themselves to spend close to $3 billion for ramping up recruitment,\" said Sachin Alug, chief executive of staffing firm NLB Services.","seolocation":"telecomnews\/telcos-hiring-activity-getting-more-aggressive-amid-5g-roll-outs","seolocationalt":"Telcos' hiring activity getting more aggressive amid 5G roll outs","url_seo":"telcos-hiring-activity-getting-more-aggressive-amid-5g-roll-outs"},"95513931":{"msid":"95513931","stname":"Jio targets June 23 date for complete 5G coverage for Kolkata","artsyn":"The high speed data services will be launched in Siliguri soon and the north Bengal city will be second in the state after Kolkata where the company will offer its 5G services.","seolocation":"telecomnews\/jio-targets-june-23-date-for-complete-5g-coverage-for-kolkata","seolocationalt":"Jio targets June 23 date for complete 5G coverage for Kolkata","url_seo":"jio-targets-june-23-date-for-complete-5g-coverage-for-kolkata"},"95489971":{"msid":"95489971","stname":"Apple rolls out beta programme for 5G on Apple devices","artsyn":"Airtel is not providing any special 5G offer like Jio to their users. In the cities\/areas in which the Airtel 5G network has been launched, users can trial 5G services as a part of their existing plan, once they have updated the latest Apple Beta software.","seolocation":"telecomnews\/apple-rolls-out-beta-programme-for-5g-on-apple-devices","seolocationalt":"Apple rolls out beta programme for 5G on Apple devices","url_seo":"apple-rolls-out-beta-programme-for-5g-on-apple-devices"},"95356547":{"msid":"95356547","stname":"Samsung reaches record 1.75Gbps 5G download speed at 10km distance","artsyn":"The trial was conducted by the NBN Co Limited, a publicly owned corporation of the Australian government, tasked to design, build and operate Australia's National Broadband Network as the nation's wholesale broadband provider.","seolocation":"telecomnews\/samsung-reaches-record-1-75gbps-5g-download-speed-at-10km-distance","seolocationalt":"Samsung reaches record 1.75Gbps 5G download speed at 10km distance","url_seo":"samsung-reaches-record-1-75gbps-5g-download-speed-at-10km-distance"},"95094249":{"msid":"95094249","stname":"5G will act as a catalyst for enterprise transformation","artsyn":"5G, even though it promises up to 10 times higher speed than existing 4G technology, is not only about speed. 5G will enable enterprises to leap into the development of new segments such as the internet of things (IoT), artificial intelligence, and virtual reality and move towards industry 4.0. 5G will introduce new innovation possibilities which go beyond today\u2019s enterprise limitations, enabling new ways to work, think and solve traditional business challenges. Hear from Mr. Pratik Pashine, President - Enterprise Business, Jio, and Mr. Magnus Ewerbring, CTO, Ericsson APAC as they share their key insights on \u20185G for businesses,\u2019 at this exclusive fireside chat moderated by Mansi Taneja, Associate Editor, ETTelecom, brought to you by Ericsson and ETTelecom.com.5G will act as a catalyst for enterprise transformation","seolocation":"tele-bytes\/5g-will-act-as-a-catalyst-for-enterprise-transformation","seolocationalt":"5G will act as a catalyst for enterprise transformation","url_seo":"tele-bytes\/5g-will-act-as-a-catalyst-for-enterprise-transformation"},"95090223":{"msid":"95090223","stname":"Qualcomm, Vodafone expand collaboration to develop 5G gear for Open RAN deployments in Europe","artsyn":"Qualcomm Technologies and Vodafone are developing 5G Open RAN Infrastructure solutions powered by the Qualcomm X100 5G RAN Accelerator Card and the Qualcomm QRU100 5G RAN Platform. The 5G gear supports massive MIMO with 64T64R and 32T32R capabilities needed for high-capacity dense urban scenarios.","seolocation":"telecomnews\/qualcomm-vodafone-expand-collaboration-to-develop-5g-gear-for-open-ran-deployments-in-europe","seolocationalt":"Qualcomm, Vodafone expand collaboration to develop 5G gear for Open RAN deployments in Europe","url_seo":"qualcomm-vodafone-expand-collaboration-to-develop-5g-gear-for-open-ran-deployments-in-europe"},"95088876":{"msid":"95088876","stname":"FAA warns of aviation safety risks without U.S. mandate on 5G limits","artsyn":"Acting FAA Administrator Billy Nolen said the agency wants the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to mandate voluntary mitigations that AT&T and Verizon agreed to earlier this year mandated for 19 smaller telecoms and other spectrum holders.","seolocation":"telecomnews\/faa-warns-of-aviation-safety-risks-without-u-s-mandate-on-5g-limits","seolocationalt":"FAA warns of aviation safety risks without U.S. mandate on 5G limits","url_seo":"faa-warns-of-aviation-safety-risks-without-u-s-mandate-on-5g-limits"},"94963158":{"msid":"94963158","stname":"5G service will take education system to next level: PM Modi","artsyn":"\"The 5G service will go beyond smart facilities, smart classrooms and well as smart teachings. It will take our education system to the next level,\" the prime minister said.","seolocation":"telecomnews\/5g-service-will-take-education-system-to-next-level-pm-modi","seolocationalt":"5G service will take education system to next level: PM Modi","url_seo":"5g-service-will-take-education-system-to-next-level-pm-modi"},"94959375":{"msid":"94959375","stname":"India slips a rank in mobile, fixed broadband speeds: Ookla","artsyn":"India's ranking also dipped from 78 to 79 in fixed broadband speeds, even as broadband speeds increased from 48.29 Mbps in August to 48.59 Mbps in September.","seolocation":"telecomnews\/india-slips-a-rank-in-mobile-fixed-broadband-speeds-ookla","seolocationalt":"India slips a rank in mobile, fixed broadband speeds: Ookla","url_seo":"india-slips-a-rank-in-mobile-fixed-broadband-speeds-ookla"},"94882325":{"msid":"94882325","stname":"Telecom Diary: What next after 5G launch?","artsyn":"Now, as the entire ecosystem led by telecom operators will be doing the herculean task of expanding 5G footprints across the country, that alone should not be seen as an achievement to rejoice. No doubt that will be a milestone, but if consumers have nothing or very little as a takeaway their enthusiasm about 5G will fade out gradually.","seolocation":"telecomnews\/telecom-diary-what-next-after-5g-launch","seolocationalt":"Telecom Diary: What next after 5G launch?","url_seo":"telecom-diary-what-next-after-5g-launch"},"94847957":{"msid":"94847957","stname":"Are Indian consumers ready for 5G?","artsyn":"A lot depends on consumer uptake of 5G networks during the first few years before industrial use cases take shape to help telcos receive returns on their investments.","seolocation":"telecomnews\/are-indian-consumers-ready-for-5g","seolocationalt":"Are Indian consumers ready for 5G?","url_seo":"are-indian-consumers-ready-for-5g"},"94830292":{"msid":"94830292","stname":"TSMC cuts capex on inflation worries after posting 80% profit jump","artsyn":"TSMC's dominance in making some of the world's most advanced chips for high-end customers such as Apple Inc and Qualcomm Inc had shielded it from the downturn flagged by chipmakers including AMD and Micron Technology Inc.","seolocation":"telecomnews\/tsmc-cuts-capex-on-inflation-worries-after-posting-80-profit-jump","seolocationalt":"TSMC cuts capex on inflation worries after posting 80% profit jump","url_seo":"tsmc-cuts-capex-on-inflation-worries-after-posting-80-profit-jump"},"94798550":{"msid":"94798550","stname":"Tata Group has no plans to enter 5G consumer space, says N Chandrasekaran","artsyn":"He said the technology being built by the group companies is fully indigenous, and will be tested first for being eventually implemented on a large scale. There are already enquiries for its offerings, he added.","seolocation":"telecomnews\/tata-group-has-no-plans-to-enter-5g-consumer-space-says-n-chandrasekaran","seolocationalt":"Tata Group has no plans to enter 5G consumer space, says N Chandrasekaran","url_seo":"tata-group-has-no-plans-to-enter-5g-consumer-space-says-n-chandrasekaran"},"94798486":{"msid":"94798486","stname":"EU regulators group against big tech paying for telco infrastructure","artsyn":"The findings by the Body of European Regulators for Electronic Communications (BEREC) come as the European Commission is debating whether internet platforms should be obliged to fund digital infrastructure such as 5G telecoms networks, given they make heavy use of it.","seolocation":"telecomnews\/eu-regulators-group-against-big-tech-paying-for-telco-infrastructure","seolocationalt":"EU regulators group against big tech paying for telco infrastructure","url_seo":"eu-regulators-group-against-big-tech-paying-for-telco-infrastructure"},"94764441":{"msid":"94764441","stname":"5G download speeds in India reach 500Mbps on test networks: Ookla","artsyn":"Ookla\u2019s analysis showed that Jio\u2019s 5G performance depends on the spectrum band it uses. The C-band (n=78) results in performance ranging between 606.53Mbps and 875.26Mbps median download speed. While 5G networks using the lower \u2013 700 MHz frequency band (n=28) so-called coverage band, gives lower than 100 Mbps median download speed, ranging between 78.69Mbps and 95.13Mbps.","seolocation":"telecomnews\/5g-download-speeds-in-india-reach-500mbps-on-test-networks-ookla","seolocationalt":"5G download speeds in India reach 500Mbps on test networks: Ookla","url_seo":"5g-download-speeds-in-india-reach-500mbps-on-test-networks-ookla"}}}}" data-news-images="[{"msid":"87308189","msname":"image3","msnameseo":"image3","mediatype":"44","artdate":"2021-10-27 16:39:00.0","caption":""},{"msid":"87308158","msname":"image2","msnameseo":"image2","mediatype":"21","artdate":"2021-10-27 16:37:00.0","caption":""}]" data-newsletter-by="0" data-newsletter-date="a" data-hasbottomcarousel="" data-alldetailsopen="0" data-multipleanalyticshit="" data-deeplink="https://ettelecom.app.link?$deeplink_path=" data-socialshareformat="default">
